The global COVID-19 pandemic arrived in Europe with its first confirmed case in Bordeaux, France, on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,[3] and all have reported at least one death, with the exception of Vatican City.
| COVID-19 pandemic in Europe | |
|---|---|
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Europe |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China[1] |
| Index case | Bordeaux, France |
| Arrival date | 21 January 2020 (4 years, 11 months and 2 days ago) |
| Confirmed cases | 243,000,000+[2] |
| Recovered | 239,000,000+[2] |
Deaths | ~2,000,000[2] |
Territories | 57 |
Italy was the first European country to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national lockdown.[4] By 13 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic[5][6] and it remained so until the WHO announced it was overtaken by South America on 22 May.[7] By 18 March 2020, lockdowns introduced in Europe affected more than 250 million people.[8] Despite deployment of COVID-19 vaccines, Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.[9] On 11 January 2022, Dr. Hans Kluge, the WHO Regional Director for Europe said, "more than 50 percent of the population in the region will be infected with Omicron in the next six to eight weeks".[10]
As the outbreak became a major crisis across Europe, national and European Union responses have led to debate over restrictions of civil liberties and the extent of European Union solidarity.
As of 20 May 2022, Europe is the most affected continent in the world. Most affected countries in Europe include France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Russia.
International comparisons
editIn March 2022, The Lancet published a study comparing excess mortality rates per 100,000 population, in 191 countries in the world, over the first two years of the pandemic (2020 and 2021). The study showed that amongst the major western European countries, those with the highest rates were Italy with 227, Portugal 202, Spain 187, Belgium 147, and the Netherlands 140. The average was 140 and below that were the United Kingdom at 127, France 124, and Germany 121 - the difference between these three was not statistically significant - and that Ireland (13) and the Scandinavian countries had lower rates.[11][12][medical citation needed]
Economic activity decreased by almost 4% in the majority of sub-regions in Europe in 2020, which was similar to the global average of 3.2%. However, the variance between nations is prominent. The high infection and mortality rates of the pandemic in countries in the Western Balkans, the Eastern Neighbourhood, and Central and Eastern Europe meant they faced deeper recessions.[13][14]
From 2019 to 2020, there was also a difference in how EU countries were adapting to new COVID-19 regulations, one of them being work from home. The proportion of EU enterprises employing advanced digital technology in their operations expanded dramatically during that time. From 2020 to 2021, this percentage remained relatively stable, reaching 61% in 2021, compared to 63% in 2020 and 58% in 2019.[15][16]
Since the beginning of 2020, EU enterprises that embraced advanced digital technology and invested in becoming more digital during the pandemic have increased the number of employees they employ.[15][17][18] The number of non-digital enterprises that downsized was also greater than the share of non-digital firms that had positive job growth. Non-digital companies had a negative net employment balance.[15][19]
The Czech Republic was the top-performing EU country[according to whom?] for the usage of advanced digital technologies during the pandemic.[15][20] Finland was the top performing EU country in terms of digital infrastructure and the use of formal strategic business monitoring.[15][21][20] Austria is leading[how?] digitalization adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic.[15][20] Cyprus is leading software and data investment.[15][20] Sweden is at the top[how?] for investing in digital training for their employees.[15][20]
Statistics by country and territory
edit| Country/Territory | Tests[24] | Reported cases | Reported deaths | Reported deaths per 1M population[24] |
Estimated excess mortality per 1M population 2020 and 2021[25] | Recoveries | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Albania
|
1,529,669 | 334,090 | 3,604 | 1,218 | 3,465 | 330,233 | [26][27] |
 Andorra
|
249,838 | 48,015 | 159 | 1,974 | 2,055 | 47,806 | [28] |
 Austria
|
126,775,946 | 6,081,287 | 22,534 | 2,053 | 1,075 | no data | [29][30][31] |
 Belarus
|
11,193,320 | 994,037 | 7,118 | 739 | 4,831 | 928,536 | [32][33] |
 Belgium
|
27,823,927 | 4,833,699 | 34,339 | 2,722 | 1,466 | no data | [34][35][36] |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
1,505,807 | 403,364 | 16,369 | 4,873 | 3,339 | no data | [37][38][39] |
 Bulgaria
|
7,692,793 | 1,331,456 | 38,657 | 5,434 | 6,473 | 1,289,148 | [40] |
 Croatia
|
3,877,819 | 1,274,603 | 18,306 | 3,949 | 2,856 | 1,255,955 | [41] |
 Cyprus
|
9,477,138 | 660,854 | 1,364 | 871 | 322 | no data | [42][43] |
 Czech Republic
|
47,516,725 | 4,700,505 | 43,090 | 3,750 | 2,448 | no data | [44][45] |
 Denmark
|
110,395,437 | 3,418,520 | 8,838 | 1,100 | 941 | no data | [46][47][48] |
 Estonia
|
2,590,874 | 618,218 | 3,001 | 1,938 | 2,267 | 614,656 | [49][50] |
 Faroe Islands
|
657,000 | 34,658 | 28 | 569 | — | no data | [51][52] |
 Finland
|
8,803,391 | 1,508,603 | 10,184 | 848 | 808 | no data | [53][54][55] |
 France
|
188,795,159 | 39,997,490 | 167,985 | 2,270 | 1,242 | no data | [56][57][58] |
 Germany
|
89,622,218 | 38,437,756 | 174,979 | 1,663 | 1,205 | no data | [59][60][61] |
 Gibraltar
|
460,732 | 20,550 | 113 | 3,029 | — | no data | [62][63] |
 Greece
|
50,386,399 | 5,482,697 | 37,959 | 2,908 | 1,271 | no data | [64][65][66] |
 Guernsey
|
— | 35,326 | 41 | — | — | 35,151 | [67] |
 Hungary
|
9,285,125 | 2,217,132 | 48,862 | 4,845 | 2,978 | 2,118,911 | [68][69] |
 Iceland
|
1,425,512 | 209,191 | 260 | 443 | -478 | no data | [70] |
 Ireland
|
11,785,169 | 1,744,580 | 9,772 | 1,980 | 125 | no data | [71] |
 Isle of Man
|
133,676 | 38,008 | 116 | 1,246 | — | no data | [72][73] |
 Italy
|
148,159,131 | 26,904,497 | 197,714 | 2,777 | 2,274 | 26,490,448 | [74] |
 Jersey
|
— | 66,391 | 161 | — | — | 66,170 | [75] |
 Kosovo
|
— | 274,269 | 3,212 | — | — | no data | [76][77] |
 Latvia
|
5,684,399 | 977,068 | 7,430 | 3,164 | 3,520 | no data | [78][79][80] |
 Liechtenstein
|
80,432 | 21,526 | 87 | 2,217 | — | 16,199 | [81][82] |
 Lithuania
|
6,727,723 | 1,355,324 | 9,769 | 3,457 | 3,850 | no data | [83][84][85] |
 Luxembourg
|
3,847,888 | 386,030 | 1,000 | 1,679 | 892 | no data | [86][87] |
 Malta
|
1,216,068 | 120,739 | 885 | 1,638 | 899 | no data | [88][89] |
 Moldova
|
2,478,148 | 627,458 | 12,154 | 2,877 | 2,452 | no data | [90][91] |
 Monaco
|
54,960 | 17,181 | 67 | 1,433 | 744 | no data | [92][93] |
 Montenegro
|
1,034,265 | 251,180 | 2,654 | 4,333 | 3,570 | no data | [94][95] |
 Netherlands
|
21,107,399 | 8,610,372 | 22,992 | 1,298 | 1,400 | no data | [96][97] |
 North Macedonia
|
1,659,878 | 349,923 | 9,960 | 4,472 | 5,836 | no data | [98][99][100] |
 Norway
|
9,447,282 | 1,493,079 | 5,732 | 583 | 72 | no data | [101][102][103] |
 Poland
|
27,922,598 | 6,671,340 | 120,618 | 3,081 | 2,972 | 5,335,719 | [104][105] |
 Portugal
|
27,780,292 | 5,633,203 | 27,738 | 2,321 | 2,022 | no data | [106][107] |
 Romania
|
17,519,846 | 3,503,553 | 68,601 | 3,461 | 3,287 | no data | [108][109] |
 Russia
|
242,900,000 | 22,995,765 | 399,999 | 2,602 | 3,746 | 22,446,519 | [110] |
 San Marino
|
109,538 | 25,292 | 126 | 3,375 | 1,896 | 23,160 | [111][112] |
 Serbia
|
7,418,399 | 2,601,133 | 18,057 | 1,857 | 2,289 | no data | [113] |
 Slovakia
|
5,184,086 | 1,869,657 | 21,167 | 3,681 | 2,504 | no data | [114] |
 Slovenia
|
2,143,592 | 1,349,318 | 7,100 | 3,195 | 1,799 | no data | [115][116] |
 Spain
|
66,213,858 | 13,980,340 | 121,852 | 2,289 | 1,867 | no data | [117][118] |
 Sweden
|
15,268,363 | 2,734,805 | 24,513 | 1,860 | 912 | no data | [119][120] |
 Switzerland
|
14,772,127 | 4,422,292 | 13,680 | 1,591 | 931 | no data | [121][122][123] |
 Turkey
|
122,223,026 | 17,004,677 | 101,419 | 1,149 | 1,186 | no data | [124][125] |
 Ukraine
|
16,956,514 | 5,520,483 | 109,918 | 2,513 | 2,217 | no data | [126][127] |
 United Kingdom
|
418,708,539 | 24,812,582[a] | 232,112[b] | 2,614[b] | 1,268 | no data | [128][129] |
 Vatican City
|
— | 29 | 0 | — | — | 29 | [130][131] |
| Total/average | 1,898,102,976 | 163,877,845 | 1,776,085 | 2,141 |
In late August, 88% of COVID-19 deaths in Europe were among people over age 65, according to a 30 August report from the WHO.[132]
Pandemic by country and territory
editAlbania
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Albania was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case in the Republic of Albania was reported in Tirana on 8 March 2020, when a patient and his adult son who had come from Florence, Italy tested positive.[134] Both men later recovered.
On 21 December 2020, health minister Ogerta Manastirliu announced that the country has decided to suspend flights to and from the UK until 6 January 2021 because of what was then a new COVID-19 mutation that transmits more quickly than other variants. All passengers arriving from the UK by land had to self-isolate for 14 days upon entry. The flight suspension took effect on Tuesday, 22 December.[135]
As of 4 February 2023, 3,058,102 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Albania.[136]Andorra
editAustria
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Austria was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Austria, a pair of cases were confirmed on 25 February 2020. The cases involved a 24-year-old man and a 24-year-old woman who were travelling from Lombardy, Italy, and were treated at a hospital in Innsbruck.[139][140][141][142] According to new figures released by Austrian authorities on 23 June, the first case in the country was recorded in Ischgl, Tyrol on 8 February.[143]
As of 4 February 2023, a total of 20,369,447 vaccine doses have been administered.[144]Belarus
editBelgium
edit
This article needs to be updated. (February 2022) |
The COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium has resulted in 4,892,342[148] confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 34,339[148] deaths.
The virus was confirmed to have spread to Belgium on 4 February 2020, when one of a group of nine Belgians repatriated from Wuhan to Brussels was reported to have tested positive for the coronavirus.[149][150] Transmission within Belgium was confirmed in early March; authorities linked this to holidaymakers returning from Northern Italy at the end of the half-term holidays.[151][152] The epidemic increased rapidly in March–April 2020. By the end of March all 10 provinces of the country had registered cases.[citation needed]
By March 2021, Belgium had the third highest number of COVID-19 deaths per head of population in the world, according to data compiled by Johns Hopkins University. However, Belgium may have been over-reporting the number of cases, with health officials reporting that suspected cases were being reported along with confirmed cases.[153] Unlike some countries that publish figures based primarily on confirmed hospital deaths, the death figures reported by the Belgian authorities included deaths in the community, such as in care homes, confirmed to have been caused by the virus, as well as a much larger number of such deaths suspected to have been caused by the virus, even if the person was not tested.[154]Bosnia and Herzegovina
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Bosnia and Herzegovina on 5 March 2020, when a patient in Banja Luka, who had travelled to Italy, tested positive. Later on the same day, a second case, who was the son of the first case, was reported.[155] On 21 March, the first death in the country from COVID-19 was announced in a hospital in Bihać. The patient was an elderly woman who had been hospitalized two days before.[156]
On 17 March, the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared a state of emergency in the entire country.[157]
Bosnia and Herzegovina has one of the highest rates of COVID-19 deaths in the world as well as one of the lowest test rates in Europe.[158]
As of 28 January 2022, 1,924,950 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[159]Bulgaria
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to Bulgaria when the country's first cases, a 27-year-old man from Pleven and a 75-year-old woman from Gabrovo, were confirmed on 8 March 2020. Neither of the two had traveled to areas with known coronavirus cases which is maybe because the PCR test that was used is defective. The man tested positive for the virus after being hospitalized for a respiratory infection, and authorities announced plans to test several people who were in contact with the two individuals.[160] Two other samples in Pleven and Gabrovo were positive on 8 March.[161] Patient zero remains unknown.[162]
After the number of patients in the country had reached 23, the Bulgarian Parliament voted unanimously to declare a state of emergency from 13 March until 13 April.[163] A 14-day preventive house quarantine was introduced for citizens who have been in contact with a COVID-19 patient or have returned from an overseas region with a high number of cases. For patients tested positive for the virus a 21-day house quarantine was introduced. This time span is counted from the day a subsequent test comes out negative after they have been treated in a hospital or at home. After the World Health Organization (WHO) has established that COVID-19 is more resilient than the initial data was showing, the National Crisis-management Staff increased the recovery house quarantine by a week to 28 days.[164] With the continuing increase of COVID-19 cases on a daily basis, the Bulgarian government requested on 1 April that Parliament extend the state of emergency by one month until 13 May.[165]
As of 5 February 2023, a total of 4,612,386 vaccine doses have been administered.[166]Croatia
editOn 25 February, Croatia confirmed its first case, a 26-year-old man who had been in Milan, Italy.[167] On 26 February, two new cases were confirmed, one being the twin brother of the first.[168] In March 2020, a cluster of cases were reported in numerous Croatian cities. On 12 March, the first recovery was reported, and on 18 March the first death from the virus was confirmed. On 19 March, the number of recorded cases surpassed 100. On 21 March, it surpassed 200. On 25 March, it surpassed 400. On 31 March, it surpassed 800. The pandemic in Croatia occurred during the Croatian Presidency of the Council of the European Union.[169]
On 22 March, an intense earthquake hit Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, causing problems in enforcement of social distancing measures set out by the Government. The earthquake could also be felt across much of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, and Austria.[170][171]
According to Oxford University, as of 24 March, Croatia was the country with the world's strictest restrictions and measures for infection reduction in relation to the number of infected.[172] The government set up a website for all information about the virus and a new phone line 113 that has volunteers answering questions.[173]
Cyprus
editOn 9 March, Cyprus confirmed its first two cases, one in Nicosia and one in Limassol.[174][non-primary source needed][175][176]
Cases reached 500 in April, 1,000 in July, 4,000 in October and 10,000 in November.[citation needed]
Czech Republic
edit.jpg){kind=spacer}
The first case was reported in the country on 1 March.[44] As of 22 March there had been 1120 confirmed cases, with one lethal outcome.[44]
On 12 March, the Czech Republic declared a 30-day state of emergency and barred entry to non-residents from China, South Korea, Iran, Italy, Spain, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, Norway, Denmark and France.[177]
The Czech Republic banned people from going out in public without wearing a face mask or covering their nose and mouth.[178]
Denmark
editOn 27 February 2020, Denmark confirmed its first case.[179]
As of 16 March 2020, there have been 898 confirmed cases in Denmark, including 11 in the Faroe Islands (see below).[180]
Numerous preventive measures gradually were implemented. Starting on 13 March 2020, schools, universities and similar places were closed, while most people in non-essential functions have been sent home to work.[181] On 14 March 2020, the borders were closed for all entries, except Danish citizens, people with a residence permit, people with an important reason for visiting, and transport of goods.[182][177]
Estonia
editOn 27 February, Estonia confirmed its first case, an Iranian citizen, travelling from Iran via Turkey.[183]
As of 11 March, there were 17 confirmed cases in Estonia. 12 of them had returned with the infection from Northern Italy, one from France, one from Iran and one from undisclosed risk area.[184][185] First two cases of virus transmitting locally were in Saaremaa after international volleyball competition involving a team from Milan.[186]
From 12 March, the virus was spreading locally. The number of infected grew fast reaching 109 on 14 March.[187]
Finland
editThe first case was reported in the country on 28 January.[188][189] As of 21 July there were over 7,000 confirmed cases.[190] As of 9 December (2020) the confirmed cases in Finland are 28,732 over the entire period.[191] A total of 433 deaths associated with the disease have been reported until now.[192]
France
edit
On 24 January, the first case in Europe was confirmed in Bordeaux. Two more cases were confirmed in Paris by the end of the day, all of them originated from China. A cluster of infections was discovered in Haute-Savoie which originated from a British national who had visited Singapore.[193][194][195]
From 31 January to 9 February, nearly 550 people were repatriated from Wuhan on a series of evacuation flights arriving at Creil Air Base in Oise and Istres-Le Tubé Air Base in Istres.[196]
On 14 February, an 80-year-old Chinese tourist died in Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, marking the first death from COVID-19 in Europe and France.[197]
According to regional council president Jean Rottner, the starting point for the first intense wave in Alsace was the Fasting Meeting of the Protestant Free Church of La Porte Ouverte in Mulhouse, with more than 2500 visitors, in mid-February.[198] On 12 March, French president Emmanuel Macron announced on public television that all schools and all universities would close from Monday 16 March until further notice. The next day, the Prime Minister Édouard Philippe banned gatherings of more than 100 people, not including public transportation. The following day, the prime minister ordered the closure of all nonessential public places, including restaurants, cafés, cinemas, and discothèques, effective at midnight.[199]
As of 14 March, there had been 4,499 confirmed cases (a near-four-fold increase over the number 5 days previously), and 91 deaths in France.[200]
As of 20 March, the number of confirmed cases had risen to 12,612, while the number of deaths reached 450.[citation needed] As of 30 March, more than six hundred doctors and other medical workers are suing the former Minister of Health and the Prime Minister for "culpable negligence" in failing to prepare for the epidemic.[201]
Until 1 April, the daily update of the number of deaths in France included only deaths in hospitals, with deaths in retirement homes or at home not included in the update.[202] Deaths in retirement homes were included in the reported figures from 2 April, causing totals to increase substantially.[203]
On 4 May, retroactive testing of samples in one French hospital showed a patient "who had COVID-19 as early as Dec. 27, nearly a month before the French government confirmed its first cases."[204] According to the researchers who reported the discovery, this indicates that the virus was present in the population well before the first confirmed cases, a finding also echoed by US researchers.[205] In July 2020, Prime Minister of France Jean Castex, announced that health care pay workers will see $9 billion in pay raises, as a result of their efforts during the coronavirus pandemic.[206]
Germany
editIn Germany, the first case of COVID-19 was recorded in the state of Bavaria on 27 January 2020. Daily case numbers began to decrease after 8 April, but rose sharply again in October. As of 30 January 2021,[update] 2,207,393 cases have been reported with 56,286 deaths and approximately 1,930,592 recoveries.[207][208][209][210][211] The case fatality rate is 2.5%.[212] The low preliminary fatality rate in Germany, compared to Italy and Spain, has resulted in a discussion and explanations that cite among others the country's higher number of tests performed, absence of COVID-19 analyses in autopsies and higher proportion of positive cases among younger people. Hessian state finance minister Thomas Schäfer committed suicide on 28 March 2020. State Premier Volker Bouffier said that Schäfer had had considerable worries in particular over the economic burden that the COVID-19 pandemic would place on the population.[213]
Gibraltar
editFirst case was identified on 4 March 2020, only 187 cases to the end of July then increases with 100 added in August and the same in September. A contact App "BEAT Covid Gibraltar" was released on 18 June.[214]
Greece
editOn 26 February 2020, the first case in Greece was confirmed, a 38-year-old woman from Thessaloniki who had recently visited Northern Italy.[215] The next day, the first patient's 9-year-old child and another 40-year-old woman, who had travelled to Italy, also tested positive.[216][217][218] Subsequent cases is Greece were mainly related to people who had travelled to Italy and a group of pilgrims who had travelled to Israel and Egypt, as well as their contacts.[219][220] Health and state authorities issued precautionary guidelines and recommendations, while measures up to that point were taken locally and included the closure of schools and the suspension of cultural events in the affected areas (particularly Ilia, Achaea and Zakynthos).[220] The first confirmed death from COVID-19 in Greece was a 66-year-old man, who died on 12 March.[221]
By 27 July there were 4,227 confirmed cases in Greece, some of which detected among tourists arriving in the country from mid-June onwards, 202 deaths and 3,562 recoveries.[222][223] The Greek National Public Health Organization (NPHO), in collaboration with local authorities and doctors, is tracking and testing everyone who came in close contact with the patients.[224][225] By 10 March, with 89 confirmed cases and no deaths in the country, the government decided to suspend the operation of educational institutions of all levels nationwide and then, on 13 March, to close down all cafes, bars, museums, shopping centres, sports facilities and restaurants in the country.[226][227] On 16 March, all retail shops were also closed and all services in all areas of religious worship of any religion or dogma were suspended.[228][229] On 18 and 19 March, the government announced a series of measures of more than 10 billion euros to support the economy, businesses and employees.[230]
On 22 March the Greek authorities announced significant restrictions on all nonessential transport and movement across the country, starting from 6 a.m. on 23 March.[231] Starting from 4 May, Greece has begun easing its lockdown restrictions after a 42-day lockdown, with the gradual lifting of movement restrictions and restart of business activity.[232]
Guernsey
editOn 9 March, the first case in the Crown dependency was confirmed.[233] On 27 May it was announced that there were no known active cases in the Bailiwick.[234] There were no active cases for 129 days before an arrival from the UK tested positive on 6 September.[235]
Hungary
editOn 4 March Prime Minister Viktor Orbán announced that two Iranian students had been infected with the virus.[236] The students are asymptomatic and have been transported to Saint Ladislaus Hospital in Budapest.[236]
Iceland
editThe first case was confirmed in Iceland on 28 February, an Icelandic male in his forties who had been on a ski trip to Andalo in Northern Italy and returned home on 22 February.[237]
Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management declared a state of emergency on 6 March after two cases of community transmission in Iceland were confirmed, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 43.[238] On 13 March, it was announced at an official press conference that a four-week ban on public gatherings of more than 100 persons would be put into effect as of Monday 16 March. Universities and secondary schools will be closed for four weeks. International airports and harbours will remain exempt from these measures.[239]
Ireland
edit
The National Public Health Emergency Team of Ireland announced the first case in the Republic of Ireland on 29 February, involving a male student from the east of the country, who had arrived there from Northern Italy.[240][241][242] On 3 March, a second case was confirmed of a female in the east of the country who had been to Northern Italy.[243] Response to the outbreak has included cancellation of St Patrick's Day parades and all festivals.[244] On 11 March, an elderly patient in Naas General Hospital in County Kildare became Ireland's first fatality from the virus.[245] On 12 March, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities.[246] On 20 March, an emergency legislation was signed into law by President Michael D. Higgins giving the state permission to detain people, restrict travel and keep people in their homes to help combat the spread of the pandemic.[247]
Lockdown
editOn 12 March 2020, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland until the end of August.[248] On 27 March, Varadkar announced a national stay-at-home order for at least two weeks; the public were ordered to stay at home in all circumstances. All non-essential shops and services, including all pubs, bars, hotels and nightclubs closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned.[249] The Garda Síochána (Irish police) were given power to enforce the measures, which were repeatedly extended until 18 May.[250]
A roadmap to easing restrictions in Ireland that included five stages was adopted by the government on 1 May 2020 and subsequently published online.[251] The fourth and final phase of easing COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland was initially scheduled to take place on 20 July, but was repeatedly postponed until 31 August at the earliest.[252]
On 15 September, the Government announced a medium-term plan for living with COVID-19 that included five levels of restrictions.[253]
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 21 October following the Government's announcement to move the entire country to Level 5 lockdown restrictions for six weeks until 1 December.[254] On 27 November, the Government agreed to ease restrictions from 1 December.[255]
A third wave of COVID-19 arrived in Ireland on 21 December.[256] The Government acted swiftly and on 22 December, Level 5 lockdown restrictions with a number of adjustments were announced, which came into effect from Christmas Eve until 12 January 2021 at the earliest.[257]
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 31 December (New Year's Eve) following the Government's announcement to move the entire country to full Level 5 lockdown restrictions from 30 December until 31 January 2021 at the earliest, in an attempt to get a third surge in cases of COVID-19 under control.[258] On 26 January, the Government extended the Level 5 lockdown restrictions until 5 March.[259] On 23 February, the Government extended the Level 5 lockdown restrictions for another six weeks until 5 April (Easter Monday) at the earliest, while its new revised Living with COVID-19 plan was published.[260]
On 30 March, the Government announced a phased easing of restrictions from Monday 12 April.[261] On 29 April, the Government announced a reopening plan for the country throughout May and June from 10 May,[262] with a further reopening planned announced on 31 August that would see all remaining COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland eased by 22 October.[263]
After a fourth wave of COVID-19 arrived in Ireland in October, the Government published on 19 October a revised plan for the easing of restrictions, with nightclubs allowed to reopen, however the continued use of masks, vaccine certificates and social distancing measures would remain in place until at least February 2022.[264] On 3 December, the Government reintroduced a series of measures that would commence from 7 December amid concerns of the Omicron variant, with nightclubs to close, indoor cultural and sporting events to operate at 50% capacity and a maximum of four households allowed to meet indoors.[265]
The Omicron variant caused a fifth wave of COVID-19 to arrive in late December and early January 2022, with record levels of cases reported over the Christmas and New Year period.[266] As cases began to fall sharply, Taoiseach Micheál Martin announced on 21 January the easing of almost all COVID-19 restrictions, with the requirements of vaccine certificates and social distancing to end, restrictions on household visits and capacity limits for indoor and outdoor events to end, nightclubs to reopen and pubs and restaurants to resume normal trading times, while rules on isolation and the wearing of masks would remain.[267] Remaining COVID-19 restrictions were agreed to be removed from 28 February, with mask wearing in schools, indoor retail settings and on public transport to be voluntary, restrictions in schools to end and testing to be scaled back.[268]
As of 21 February 2022, the Department of Health have confirmed 1,276,778 confirmed cases and 6,443 deaths.[269]
Italy
edit
On 31 January, the first two cases were confirmed in Rome. Two Chinese tourists, who arrived in Milan on 23 January via Milan Malpensa Airport and travelled to Rome on a tourist bus, tested positive for and were hospitalised in Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases.[270]
On 6 February, one of the Italians repatriated from Wuhan, China, tested positive, bringing the total number of cases in Italy to three.[271] On 22 February, the repatriated Italian recovered and was discharged from the hospital.[272] On 22 and 26 February, the two Chinese tourists hospitalized in Rome tested negative.[273]
On 21 February, a cluster of cases was detected starting with 16 confirmed cases in Lombardy,[274] with additional 60 cases on 22 February,[275] and Italy's first deaths reported on the same day.[276] As of late February, Italy was hit harder than anywhere else in the EU by the COVID-19 pandemic.[277]
By 17 March 2020, there were 2,503 deaths and 31,506 confirmed cases.[278] By 15 May 2020, there had been 223,885 cases and 31,610 deaths, according to Protezione Civile bulletins.[citation needed]
On 3 June, Italy reopened its borders to EU residents and ended travel restrictions.[citation needed]
On 13 July, the Head of the ICU at a Bergamo hospital said that former patients treated for COVID-19 had developed serious long-term health issues.[279]
Cases reached 100,000 in March, 200,000 in April, 300,000 in September, 600,000 in October and 1,600,000 in November.[citation needed]
Lockdown
editOn 8 March, Italian prime minister Giuseppe Conte signed a decree enacting a quarantine for the entire region of Lombardy – home to more than 10 million people and the financial capital, Milan – and multiple other provinces, totalling around 16 million residents. The lockdown decree included the power to impose fines on anyone caught entering or leaving Lombardy, the worst-affected region, until 3 April.[280]
On 9 March, the lockdown orders were extended to the whole of Italy, effectively quarantining more than 60 million people.[281]
On 20 November 2020, according to high-frequency data, the lockdowns in France and Italy weighed down on public mobility more than in any other European country. France's official statistic agency INSEE found that the data collected by Google on the amount of time people spend at home is particularly closely correlated with the percentage of slow down experienced by an economy during the lockdown.[282]
Jersey
editThe first case was recognised on 10 March which resulted within days in flights and ferries being cancelled except for essential travel and freight, thus isolating the island by the end of March.[283][284] By 30 June there were no active cases although there have since been small numbers of cases brought into the island when lockdown was relaxed and travel permitted. On 14 October a contact App was launched.[285] Community contracted cases caused numbers to rise from 600 to 1,000 in November resulting in another lockdown.[citation needed]
Kosovo
editThe first two cases in Kosovo were reported on 13 March. In the ten-day period 13–23 March, the number of positive cases with coronavirus rose to 35. In midnight of 23 March 26 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number of cases to 61.[286] Kosovars were required to wear masks and not visit their families across the street due to the lockdowns, the income and sales tax was also reduced by local governments.[287]
Latvia
edit
The COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Latvia on 2 March 2020, having been brought along with people returning from abroad.
The government declared a state of emergency on 13 March 2020 with a number of epidemiological safety measures and restrictions, primarily limiting gatherings, travel, most public venues, and educational institutions. As the new confirmed cases stayed in the low two-digit range per day, the emergency was periodically extended until mid-2020, when the confirmed infection case dropped to almost 0 and the state of emergency ended on 9 June 2020. Most restrictions were lifted.
The rates spiked again by the end of September, from a few dozen per day to low hundreds by November, and many of the restrictions were restored and tightened, including a range of new ones. Eventually, a new state of emergency was reinstated on 9 November 2020 with increased rules and restrictions, while the daily cases reached close to one thousand by the end of November. The number of cases kept rising at the turn of the year and the state of emergency was extended to 6 April 2021. The vaccination programme began at the start of the year.
As of 21 January 2023, 2,974,692 COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in Latvia.[288]Liechtenstein
editThe first case was reported in the country on 3 March.[289]
Lithuania
editThe first case was reported in the country on 28 February. By 17 March there were 21 cases, mostly in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. The first infected Lithuanian recovered on 14 March.[290] Cases reached 2,000 in July, 10,000 in October and 50,000 in November.
Luxembourg
editThe first case was reported in the country on 29 February. Positive cases exceeded 6,600 on 30 June and 8,500 on 30 September.
Malta
editOn 7 March, Malta reported its first 3 cases of coronavirus: an Italian family consisting of a 12-year-old girl and her parents, who arrived in Malta on 3 March from Rome after a holiday in Trentino. Until around September, there were barely any cases; with that maximum cases per day at around 30. But then a big wave hit Malta and cases were being of over 100 everyday, and the most cases found in a single day was 510. Then in May 2021, the cases started calming down with Malta as of 20 June 2021 having just under 50 active cases, with over 30 thousand total.[291]
Moldova
edit
(21 December 2021)
The COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached the Republic of Moldova on 7 March 2020, when a Moldovan woman who returned from Italy tested positive for the novel coronavirus. As the number of infected people started to rise during the next days, the Parliament declared a state of emergency on 17 March 2020 for the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova for a period of 60 days (17 March to 15 May 2020).
On 15 May 2020, the last day of the state of emergency declared by the Parliament on 17 March 2020, the Extraordinary National Commission of Public Health declared the state of emergency in public health for the entire territory of Moldova for the period of 16 May to 30 June 2020. On 9 June 2020, the total number of confirmed cases surpassed 10,000. On 1 September 2020, the number of deaths surpassed 1,000.
The vaccination process started on 2 March 2021 with AstraZeneca vaccine units donated by Romania to Moldova.Monaco
editThe first case was reported in the country on 29 February.[292][non-primary source needed][293]
Montenegro
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro has resulted in 251,280[148] confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 2,654[148] deaths.
The first case of the disease in Montenegro was confirmed on 17 March 2020,[294][295] making it the last European country to register a case of SARS-CoV-2.[296] On 24 May 2020, 68 days after the first case was recorded in Montenegro, it became the first COVID-19-free country in Europe. Within the first outbreak, indexed cases counted 9% of the total reported, 80% of cases were infected due to contact with primary cases, while the origin of infection of the other 11% of cases was not certain.[297] The Government of Montenegro estimated that the country needs EUR 59.2 million private and international relief to address the health, social and economical impact of COVID-19.[298]
Montenegro had no active cases from 24 May until 14 June 2020, when the first imported case was reported.
As of 3 December 2022, 523,735 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Montenegro.[299]Netherlands
editOn 27 February, the Netherlands confirmed its first case, a man who had been in the Lombardy region of Italy.[300]
On 6 March, RIVM announced the first death.[301]
On 9 March, RIVM announced 56 more confirmed cases in addition to the total of the 77 infected patients declared in the previous day, bringing the total to 321 infected and 3 dead.[302]
On 15 March, the Dutch government announced in a press conference that all schools, day care facilities, colleges, universities, and universities of applied sciences would close until 6 April, though children of parents in vital industries could still go to school or the day care if they could not be taken care of otherwise.[303]
As of 16 March, the total number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 had risen to 1,413 and the total number of confirmed deaths had risen to 24. This was an increase of 278 infections and 4 deaths in comparison to 15 March.[304]
On the same date, the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Mark Rutte, had announced that the country would not go into complete lockdown. Instead the situation would be controlled as much as possible by delaying the spread of the virus, relying on measures taken earlier by the government, such as social distancing and prohibiting gatherings of 100 people and over.[305] It is expected the coronavirus will keep spreading and a large part of the population will become infected. Instead of opting to lock down the Netherlands for the time required, which would have many (negative) consequences while the benefits remain uncertain and would have to stay in place, it would be attempted to build herd immunity in a controlled manner. Depending on how the virus behaves, the government would decide if additional measures are required.[305][306]
Further measures were introduced on 23 March. All events would be banned until 1 September. Gatherings of more than three people, except for families, were to be prohibited. City mayors received greater authorization to enforce the rules. Fines would be issued to those not complying with the new rules.[307]
Cases reached 10,000 in March 2020, 50,000 in June 2020, 100,000 in September 2020, 500,000 in November 2020 and 1,000,000 in February 2021.[citation needed]
North Macedonia
editOn 26 February, North Macedonia confirmed its first case, a woman that had returned from Italy.[308] On 10 March every school, kindergarten and university was closed. As of 5 April 2021, the country has reported 134,867 cases, 3,940 deaths and a total of 109,297 recovered.[309]
To stop the spreading of the virus, the country had a strict 61-hour curfew every weekend. For holidays, like Easter, the country had an 85-hour curfew.[310][311] Furthermore, the state of emergency which had expired was extended for 14 more days until 30 May, and then again for 14 more days until 13 June.[312]
Norway
edit
On 26 February, Norway confirmed its first case, in a person who had returned from China the previous week.[313][314]
On 7 March, there were 147 confirmed cases in Norway. Most of the cases could either be linked to outbreaks abroad or close encounters with these. Altogether 89 have been infected on travel in Italy.[315]
On 12 March 2020, all kindergartens, schools, colleges and universities were closed until at least 26 March 2020.[316]
Poland
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Poland was a part of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 strain of coronavirus. As of 21 August 2024[update], Poland had 6,680,897 confirmed cases (173,553 per million), and 120,636 deaths due to COVID-19.[317]
In February and March 2020, health authorities in Poland carried out laboratory testing of suspected cases of infection by SARS-CoV-2, as well as home quarantining and monitoring. On 4 March 2020, the first laboratory confirmed case in Poland was announced in a man hospitalised in Zielona Góra. On March 10, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the local transmission phase of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland. On March 12, 2020, the first death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Poland was that of a 57-year-old woman.
Polish authorities did not participate in the European Union tender procedure for purchasing COVID-19 pandemic related medical equipment, until 17 March 2020.
On 10–12 March 2020 lockdown-type control measures were implemented, closing schools and university classes, offices, and cancelling mass events, and were strengthened on 25 March, limiting non-family gatherings to two people and religious gatherings to six and forbidding non-essential travel. On 20 March 2020, the Ministry of Health officially declared an epidemic and on the same day tried to prevent medical personnel from commenting on the pandemic. The Polish Ombudsman Adam Bodnar defended medical personnel's right to speak publicly about the epidemic on constitutional grounds of freedom of speech and the right of the public to information. Doctors opposed the self-censorship orders.
Lockdown restrictions were tightened on 31 March 2020 by a government regulation, requiring individuals walking in streets to be separated by two metres, closing parks, boulevards, beaches, hairdressers and beauty salons, and forbidding unaccompanied minors from exiting their homes. Restrictions were relaxed starting 20 April, allowing religious gatherings and funerals to be held for up to a maximum of 50 people.
Starting on 1 April 2020, fatalities which were clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed as COVID-19 (U07.2) were also considered as COVID-19 deaths by NIPH–NIH.Portugal
editOn 2 March, the first two cases were confirmed in Portugal, both in the city of Porto. One was a doctor who had returned from holiday in northern Italy, and the other a worker from Spain.[318][319]
On 18 March, the President of the Republic, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, declared the entirety of the Portuguese territory in a state of emergency for the following fifteen days, with the possibility of renewal, the first since the Carnation Revolution in 1974.[320]
On 24 March, the Portuguese government admitted that they could not contain the COVID-19 pandemic anymore, as it is wide spreading and will enter the 'Mitigation Phase' on 26 March.[321]
Cases reached 10,000 in April, 100,000 in October and 300,000 in December.[citation needed]
Romania
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Romania is part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Romania on 26 February 2020, when the first case in Gorj County was confirmed.[322]
As of 31 January 2022[update], the National Institute of Public Health has reported around 2,200,000 cases, 1,800,000 recoveries, and 60,000 COVID-19-related deaths.[323] More than 11.7 million RT-PCR tests and more than 7.3 million rapid antigen tests have been processed.[323]
An anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign, part of a global effort to slow down the spread of the virus, started on 27 December 2020. As of 27 January 2022[update], over 50% of the country's eligible population received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine as part of an ongoing national vaccination campaign.[324]
As of 21 January 2023, 16,102,916 COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in Romania.[325]Russia
edit
Russia implemented early preventive measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the country by imposing quarantines, carrying raids on potential virus carriers and using modern facial recognition technologies to impose quarantine measures.[326]
On 2 March, Western Russia confirmed its first case in Moscow Oblast.[327][328] Previously on 31 January Russia confirmed first two cases in its Asian part, one in Tyumen Oblast and another in Zabaykalsky Krai. Both were Chinese nationals, who have since recovered.[329][326]
On 7 March, four new cases were confirmed, three was in Lipetsk and one in Saint Petersburg. All people visited Italy in the previous two weeks.[330]
On 8 March, three news cases were confirmed, in Moscow, Belgorod and Kaliningrad Oblasts. All people returned from Italy.[331]
On 10 March, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin signed a decree for banning mass events in Moscow with more than 5000 participants from 10 March to 10 April.[332]
By 15 April, cases were confirmed in all of Western Russia's federal subjects with the confirmation of the first case in Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
San Marino
editOn 27 February, San Marino confirmed its first case, an 88-year-old man with pre-existing medical conditions, who came from Italy. He was hospitalised at a hospital in Rimini, Italy.[333] As of 25 March 2020: With 700 confirmed cases out of a population of 33,344 (as of 2018), it is the country with the highest percentage of confirmed cases per capita at 2.1% – 1 confirmed case per 48 inhabitants.[334] Also, with 42 confirmed deaths, the country has the highest rate of confirmed deaths per capita at 0.126% of the total population – 1 death per 794 inhabitants.[334]
Serbia
editOn 29 February, a massive infection occurred in the town of Valjevo after a private party involving a guest from Austria who had previously stayed in Italy.[335] On 6 March, the first case was confirmed in Serbia by Minister of Health Zlatibor Lončar,[336] of a man who had traveled to Budapest.[337] President Aleksandar Vucic and the Government of the Republic of Serbia introduced a state of emergency on 15 March. Two days later, curfew and quarantine were introduced as safeguards against massive infection.[citation needed]
Slovakia
edit
.jpg)
On 6 March, Slovakia confirmed its first case, a 52-year-old man from a small village near Bratislava. He had not travelled anywhere in recent weeks but his son, who didn't show any symptoms, had visited Venice.[338] On 7 March, the virus was also confirmed in his wife and son.[339]
In October 2020, Slovakia started implementation of a short-period mass-testing programme to test two-thirds of its citizens for COVID-19.[340][341]
Slovenia
editOn 4 March Slovenia confirmed its first case. A patient of about 60 years of age had returned from Morocco few days earlier (via Italy) and was admitted to a hospital in Ljubljana.[342][343]
On 6 March, a total of eight cases were reported, three of them medical professionals, who contracted the virus on holiday in Italy. By 9 March 16 people were confirmed to be infected.[citation needed]
Spain
edit
On 31 January, Spain confirmed its first case, in the Canary Island of La Gomera. A tourist from Germany tested positive and was admitted to University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria.[344][345][346][non-primary source needed] On 19 February, 2,500 football fans from Valencia attended a Champions League game in Bergamo, the hot spot of the outbreak in Italy.[347]
On 24 February, a medical doctor from Lombardy, Italy who was vacationing in Tenerife, tested positive at the University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria in Spain.[348][349] Afterwards, multiple cases were detected in Tenerife involving people who had come in contact with the doctor. Other cases involving individuals who visited Italy were also discovered on Spanish mainland.[350]
On Saturday 14 March, the Spanish government imposed a nationwide quarantine, banned all trips that are not necessary and announced that companies may be intervened to guarantee supplies.[351][352] However, with universities and schools closed earlier that week, bars and parks were full, and due to slow enactment "part of the population of Madrid and other cities had dispersed across the country".[347] As of 17 March 2020, there had been 11,826 confirmed cases with 1,028 recoveries and 533 deaths in Spain.[353]
On 28 March, the Spanish government tightened up its national lockdown, ordering all non-essential workers to stay at home for the next two weeks.[354] Nearly 900,000 workers lost their jobs in Spain since it went into lockdown in mid-March 2020.[355] Public transport has also been greatly affected by the lockdowns and the severe restrictions established by the government. The relationship between the users who have continued using the urban bus and the characteristics of the stop's surroundings have been analysed.[356]
On 10 January 2022, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez initiated a debate in the European Union to treat COVID-19 as an “endemic illness” rather than a pandemic. He suggested a move towards a flu-like monitoring system amid falling death rates and hospitalisations on the European continent.[357]
Sweden
editOn 31 January, Sweden confirmed its first case. A woman in her 20s, who had visited Wuhan, tested positive and was admitted at Ryhov County Hospital in Jönköping.[358][359]
On 26 February, following the outbreak in Italy and in Iran, infection clusters originating from these two countries appeared in Sweden.[360] A number of individuals in Västra Götaland, Jönköping, Stockholm and Uppsala tested positive and were admitted to the infectious disease units in the respective counties.[361]
The country's first fatality came on 11 March, that of a man in Stockholm over 60 who had other illnesses prior to infection.
As of 12 March, national testing strategy shifted to only the elderly, the severely ill, and healthcare personnel. The official recommendation for symptoms that were not serious, as of 13 March, was to stay at home and not visit healthcare. This has led to statistics becoming less useful.[362]
As of 14 March 924 people were reported as having become infected. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Sweden made the recommendation to refrain from unnecessary travel to all countries.[citation needed]
On 22 January 2021 the Ministry of Justice of Sweden implemented travel bans from Denmark and the United Kingdom due to the mutation of SARS-CoV-2.[363]
Switzerland
edit
On 25 February, following the outbreak in Italy, Switzerland confirmed its first case, a 70-year-old man in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino, who had previously visited Milan.[364][365] Afterwards, multiple cases related to the Italy clusters were discovered in multiple cantons including Basel-City, Zürich and Graubünden.[366][367][368] Multiple isolated cases not related to the Italian clusters were also confirmed.[369]
On 28 February, the Federal Council announced an immediate ban on all events with more than 1,000 participants.[370]
As of 10 March, there were 500 confirmed cases in Switzerland.[371] On 16 March 2020, the Federal Council announced[372] further measures, and a revised ordinance.[373] Measures include the closure of bars, shops and other gathering places until 19 April, but leaves open certain essentials, such as grocery stores, pharmacies, (a reduced) public transport and the postal service.[374] Those measures were prolonged until 26 April 2020.[375]
On 23 December, following an unexpectedly quick authorization by Swissmedic of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, the vaccination campaign was launched in several cantons. A 90-year-old woman from the Lucerne region became the first vaccinated patient in continental Europe outside Russia.[376][377] All cantons are expected to start vaccinating by 11 January 2021.
Turkey
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey is part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
The first case in Turkey was recorded on 11 March, when a local returned home[note 1] from a trip to Europe.[379] The first death due to COVID-19 in the country occurred on 15 March.[379] Turkey stood out from the rest of Europe by not ordering a legal lockdown[note 2][380] until April 2021, when the country enacted its first nationwide restrictions.[381] The government kept many businesses open, and allowed companies to set their own guidelines for workers.[380]
The Turkish health system[380] has the highest number of intensive care units[382] in the world at 46.5 beds per 100,000 people (compared to 9.6 in Greece, 11.6 in France, and 12.6 in Italy). As of 3 May 2021[update], Turkey's observed case-fatality rate stood at 0.84%, the 148th highest rate globally.[383][384] This low case-fatality rate has generated various explanations, including the relative rarity of nursing homes,[385] favorable demographics,[386] a long legacy of contact tracing,[387] the high number of intensive care units,[388] universal health care,[387] and a lockdown regime that led to a higher proportion of positive cases among working-age adults.[380] But according to an August 2020 academic study by The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, the government of Turkey has been underreporting COVID-19 statistics.[389]
On 30 September 2020, Turkish Minister of Health Fahrettin Koca acknowledged that since 29 July, the reported number of cases was limited to symptomatic cases that required monitoring, which was met with rebuke by the Turkish Medical Association.[390] This practice ended on 25 November, when the ministry started to report asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases alongside symptomatic ones.[390]Ukraine
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine has resulted in 5,541,377[148] confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 109,925[148] deaths.
The virus was confirmed to have spread to Ukraine when the country's first case was confirmed to be hospitalized in Chernivtsi Oblast on 3 March 2020,[391] a man who had travelled from Italy to Romania by plane and then arrived in Ukraine by car.[392] An emergency was declared on 20 March 2020 in Kyiv Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast, Zhytomyr Oblast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, and the city of Kyiv.[393] New infections and deaths started to break records by late October 2021.[394][395] By then, a total of 2.8 million coronavirus cases and 64,936 COVID-19 related deaths had occurred in Ukraine.[395]
Ukraine's ongoing vaccination program[396] started on 24 February 2021 and from that day to 12 September 2021, 10,710,944 vaccinations were given in Ukraine (meaning 18% of the adult population of Ukraine had been vaccinated against COVID-19).[397] About 44% of those vaccinated had been fully vaccinated.[398][399] In an August 2021 poll 56% of Ukrainians did not plan to be vaccinated.[399] Demand for vaccinations multiplied sharply by late October 2021.[394][395] On 7 January 2022 the Ministry of Health announced that 44.9% of the adult population had undergone a full course of vaccination.[400]
Statistics for the Russian-held Autonomous Republic of Crimea and city of Sevastopol, and for the unrecognized Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in eastern Ukraine, are not reported by Ukraine's state agencies, and are not included in the country's totals.[401]
Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Ministry of Healthcare has made no further press releases related to COVID-19, and the latest counts were for 23 February 2022.[402] As a result, daily counts are displayed in various diagrams as zero. In late May 2022, Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ihor Kuzin stated that since the beginning of the invasion, more than 750 studies had been conducted and that COVID-19 outbreaks were not expected in Ukraine in the near future.[403] On 1 July 2023, the Ministry downgraded the disease's alert levels to that of regular respiratory diseases and lifted all emergency measures relating to it.[404]December 2019: Peter Attwood, an 84 year old from Chatham, Kent, England developed an unexplained respiratory illness in December 2019. His symptoms worsened and he was admitted to Medway Hospital on the 7th January 2020 and remained in hospital until his death on the 30th January 2020. A follow-up pathology test of lung tissue taken during Peter's post-mortem examination showed he had had Covid-19 at the time of his death. Peter Attwood would appear to be the first known UK casualty of SARS CoV2.
United Kingdom
edit.jpg)
On 31 January, England confirmed the first two cases, both members of a family of Chinese nationals staying in a hotel in York who were taken to specialist facilities in Newcastle upon Tyne.[405] Afterwards, several confirmed cases were detected across the UK.[406][407][408] The UK government implemented preventive measures to curb the spread of infections which included contact tracing, isolation and testing, some of which were related to the Italy clusters.[409][410][411] The NHS set up drive-through screening centres at several hospitals to test members of the public showing symptoms.[412][413]
On 2 March, Ministers approved the Department of Health and Social Care COVID-19 action plan,[414] which sets out actions to date, future measures, cooperation between devolved political and health authorities, and the level of preparedness of the country's four National Health Services. It outlined the government's objectives to deploy phased actions to contain, delay, and mitigate any outbreak, using research to inform policy development.[415]
On 23 March, it was announced that the UK would be entering a nationwide lockdown. The public were advised to stay at home except for essential shopping and one hour of exercise a day. These measures came into effect on 26 March and lasted until 1 June when measures were eased allowing early years pupils and exams students to return to school in a limited capacity. These measures are further eased on 15 June when retail and attractions were able to open for the first time since March.[416]
On 25 March, the UK Parliament legislated to provide the government and authorities with emergency powers to handle the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the power to restrict public gatherings, order businesses to close, and the ability to detain those suspected of having the virus.[417] The Coronavirus Act 2020 received Royal Assent on 25 March and came into force on the same day.[418]
On 5 April, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson was admitted to hospital after testing positive to COVID-19 10 days earlier.[419] He was admitted into intensive care the following night, when his symptoms further worsened.[420] He left hospital on 12 April.[421]
The NHS was given access to emergency supplies of PPE and patients that did not need to remain in hospital were moved to residential care homes if needed. However, there was no need for a negative COVID-19 test before patients were transferred to these settings, this was only required from 15 April. On 15 May, the government approved the first social care specific legislation that helped to ensure that staff had access to adequate PPE and protect both those working and living in care homes.[422]
As of 6 May, the total of confirmed cases was 201,101; the total of recorded deaths in all settings was 30,076, the highest in Europe and second highest in all the countries after the United States. It is estimated that care home residents accounted for 30–40% of these deaths, with social care workers being twice as likely to die from COVID-19 as the general population.[422] However, the death toll did not continue to increase throughout the summer, and Brazil and Mexico now have more deaths as of 1 August 2020.[423]
During August and September, the number of infections per day began to increase significantly although the death rate remained fairly low. Boris Johnson announced changes to restrictions on 22 September which included forcing pubs, bars and restaurants to close by 10 pm in England and the so-called rule of six saying no more than six people should meet. In October, Scotland's first minister declared new restrictions it meant that some areas of the country those like Edinburgh had to close bars, pubs and go back to doing self-service. Northern Ireland's executive that also have control over health policy tightened restrictions to make them close to a lockdown as did Wales announced by Welsh first minister. It also emerged that Boris Johnson had been advised by SAGE committee of scientists to have a short lockdown back on 21 September. Johnson subsequently introduced a three-tier system of restrictions Liverpool was put under the top tier meaning tougher restrictions but falling short of a full lockdown. The UK has since recorded over 40,000 deaths.
On 5 November, the UK had to enter a second national lockdown due to the rising number of cases and hospitalisations.[424] Following the end of this lockdown on 2 December case numbers began to rise again and over 70,000 deaths have been recorded in relation to COVID-19 as of 11 December 2020.[425] On 4 January 2021, Prime Minister Boris Johnson addressed the nation announcing a third lockdown.[426] The UK went into Lockdown that day due to rapidly increasing numbers of cases and deaths caused by a new more infectious variant of COVID-19 spreading around the UK.[427]
The UK has begun to vaccinate its population against COVID-19. The first vaccine, the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19, was approved for use in the UK on 2 December 2020,[428] the first of the 800,000 immediately available doses was administered on 8 December.[429] The second vaccine approved for use in the UK was the Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, which was approved for use on 30 December 2020,[430] with the first dose of this vaccine given on 4 January 2021.[431] A third vaccine, the Moderna vaccine, was approved for use in the UK on 8 January 2021,[432] and the first dose was administered in Wales on 6 April.[433]
Vatican City
editThe COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The Holy See reported the first case of infection in Vatican City on 7 March 2020.[434] Unlike other jurisdictions that report cases within a given territory or cases of residents or citizens of a territory, the Holy See reports on cases "in Vatican City State and among the employees of the Holy See" regardless of location of testing, treatment, or residence.[435] There were 29 confirmed cases of COVID-19 among the Vatican's residents and employees; there were no associated deaths.[436] The 29 cases included 10 employees, 1 new hire, and 1 resident of Vatican City.[note 3] All those infected tested negative by 6 June 2020.[437] An outbreak among members of the Holy See's Swiss Guard was reported in mid-October, totaling 11 as of October 15.[438]
In late February 2020, Pope Francis became ill with symptoms of a cold, but tested negative for COVID-19.[439] It was announced on January 14, 2021, that both he and Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI had received the first dose of a vaccine.[440] They received their second dose in February.[441]Pandemic development graphs
editConfirmed cases and deaths by date
editConfirmed cases by date
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Deaths by date
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Total confirmed cases since first day of the outbreak
editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Growth rates comparison since outbreak
editSyncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily growth in cases
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Syncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily deaths
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 100th case:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 500th case:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Response and criticism
editImmigrants and refugees
editThe European Union closed borders to non-nationals on 17 March. The next day, Greece imposed restrictions on refugees’ movement within camps.[442] Thousands of asylum seekers are living in crowded camps, and there are fears that pandemic could not be controlled under such conditions. The Greek prime minister K. Mitsotakis said that Europe should do more to help because Greece "cannot resolve this crisis instantly and alone".[443] Unnamed Greek officials have stated concerns that Turkey may send infected refugees and migrants towards the islands.[444][445][446] Early in April Malta and Italy closed their ports to vessels carrying asylum seekers from North Africa.[447]
Computational approach
editThe Exscalate4Cov project, founded by the Horizon 2020 program,[448] conducted a series of drug repositioning and virtual screening experiments to evaluate the interactions between known drugs and billions of other compounds against the spike protein.[449] These experiments utilized in-silico computational models.[449]
The E4C drug repositioning and in-silico large-scale screening experiments[449] on two European supercomputers identified raloxifene as a candidate for treating early-stage COVID-19 patients.[450]
Vaccination
editIn early 2021, EU commission chief Ursula von der Leyen was criticised for the EU's slow rollout, and she noted that the EU was “late to authorise” and said that ordering vaccines on behalf of member states was “the right thing to do”.[451] Some countries withheld recommending the AstraZeneca vaccine due to concerns of blood clots. By 20 June 2021, nearly half the population of the European Union had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination.[452]
In November 2021, a study by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control estimated that 470,000 lives over the age of 60 had been saved since the start of vaccination roll-out in the European region.[453]
Herd immunity through infection in Iceland
editOn 23 February 2022, the Ministry of Health lifted all remaining COVID-19 restrictions, including gathering limits, restricted opening hours for bars, and border restrictions. Adopting a herd immunity approach,[454] the ministry stated that “widespread societal resistance to COVID-19 is the main route out of the epidemic,” and “to achieve this, as many people as possible need to be infected with the virus as the vaccines are not enough, even though they provide good protection against serious illness”.[455]
Criticism
editTravel bans and border closures
edit
Although by 7 March some European politicians such as France's Marine Le Pen had called for Europe's internal borders to be temporarily closed,[456] the European Union by 13 March continued to reject the idea of suspending the Schengen free travel area and introducing border controls with Italy.[457][458][459][460][461] The deputy leader of the Swiss Ticino League, Lorenzo Quadri, by 29 February had criticised the decision, saying, "It is alarming that the dogma of wide-open borders is considered a priority."[462] United States President Donald Trump said by 12 March the European Union had "failed to take the same precautions and restrict travel from China and other hot spots" as the US had implemented.[463] Trump also said that "As a result a large number of new clusters in the United States were seeded by travellers from Europe."[464] Research on coronavirus genomes indicates the majority of COVID-19 cases in New York came from European travelers, rather than directly from China or any other Asian country.[465]
By 9 March, Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babiš stated that "European countries cannot ban the entry of Italian citizens within the Schengen area. The only possible way is to have the Italian prime minister call on his fellow citizens to refrain from traveling to other countries of the European Union."[466]
After Slovakia, Denmark, the Czech Republic and Poland announced complete closure of their national borders, the European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said by 12 March that "Certain controls may be justified, but general travel bans are not seen as being the most effective by the World Health Organization. Moreover, they have a strong social and economic impact, they disrupt people’s lives and business across the borders."[467] European Union leaders condemned the US decision to restrict travel from Europe to the United States. European Council President Charles Michel and Ursula von der Leyen said in a joint statement: "The European Union disapproves of the fact that the US decision to impose a travel ban was taken unilaterally and without consultation."[468] Ursula von der Leyen admitted by 17 March that "all of us who are not experts initially underestimated the coronavirus."[469]
As of 22 February 2021, the UK has banned direct flights from 33 countries, including Portugal, South Africa, Peru and the United Arab Emirates. All travelers entering the UK via indirect flights have been ordered to quarantine in a designated hotel for 10 days.[470] Since passengers coming from high-risk countries with South African virus’ mutant (like the UAE and South Africa) are mixing with other travellers before reaching their accommodation, this travel ban is being criticised extensively.[471]
EU solidarity
editThe Italian government has criticised EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.[472][473][474] Politico reported on 7 March that "EU countries have so far refused Italy's plea for help fighting coronavirus, as national capitals worry that they may need to stockpile face masks and other medical gear to help their own citizens, officials and diplomats said."[475] Maurizio Massari, Italy's ambassador to the EU, said that "Only China responded bilaterally. Certainly, this is not a good sign of European solidarity."[476] Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić said that "European solidarity does not exist. That was a fairy tale."[476]
Eventually, in July 2020 the European Council agreed to a massive recovery fund of 750 billion € branded Next Generation EU (NGEU) to support member states hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The NGEU fund goes over the years 2021 – 2023 and will be tied to the 2021–2027 budget of the EU (MFF). The comprehensive packages of NGEU and MFF will reach the size of 1824.3 Billion €.[477]
In response to the pandemic, the European Investment Bank Group is establishing a €25 billion Pan-European Guarantee fund. It is projected that the guarantee fund would raise up to €200 billion.[478][479] The EIB Group signed a new EUR 8.6 billion assistance agreement for its pandemic response programs in 2022. Since pandemic recovery has been slowed down, the allocation time for the guarantee goods under the pan-European Guarantee Fund (EGF), which was introduced in 2020, was extended until the end of 2022.[480]
Reaction time of Spain
edit.jpg)
According to The Guardian, Spain's initially slow response to COVID-19 caused the epidemic to become severe even though it did not share a land border with Italy or other severely affected countries.[482] An analysis in Vox hypothesised that the minority government did not want to risk its hold on power by banning large gatherings early; Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez initially defended his decision to allow large gatherings to continue.[483]
Military exercises during pandemic
editThe planned NATO "Defender 2020" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states,[484] the largest NATO war manoeuvres since the end of the Cold War, was to be held on a reduced scale because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[485]
Restrictions on civil liberties
editThere was concern that measures taken by some national governments on occasion of the COVID-19 pandemic would have the aim or effect of restricting democracy and civil liberties and rights.[486] In Hungary, prime minister Viktor Orban acquired near absolute powers through such legislation on 3 April.[487]
Use of scientific advice
editThe European Union's Chief Scientific Advisors issued a statement on 24 June 2020, providing guidance for how scientific advice should be given and interpreted during the pandemic. One key point made by the Advisors was that scientists must be clearer about the degree of uncertainty that characterises the evolving evidence on which their advice is based, for instance around the use of face-masks. They also emphasised that scientific advice must be separated from decision-making, and this separation must be made clear by politicians.[488]
In April 2021, the leaders of the Society for Aerosol Research warned the debate on COVID-19 measures does not reflect current scientific knowledge. They said protection against infection must take place above all where people spend time indoors, because "the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses takes place almost without exception indoors."[489]
Romani people
editRomani people were hit hard by the pandemic.[490]
Notes
edit- ^ Data Protection Law number 6698[378] precludes the Turkish Ministry of Health from disclosing sensitive patient health information, interpreted broadly to include location during the pandemic.
- ^ Turkey's Article 11/C of the Law on Public Health authorizes only provinces to order quarantines, for a maximum period of 15 days. The national government is barred by the constitution from ordering lockdowns.[379]
- ^ Unlike other governments, the Holy See Press Office reports on diagnoses and status of its employees, not only cases within its jurisdiction. Its announcements are generally imprecise as to the nationality and residence of the cases it reports. One was identified as a resident of Vatican City. Another was diagnosed and is being treated in an Italian location that is neither Vatican City nor Rome.
References
edit- ^ "2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Summary". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ a b c "COVID Live - Coronavirus Statistics - Worldometer".
- ^ @MeGovernment (17 March 2020). "Two COVID-19 cases confirmed in Montenegro" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 March 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ Saglietto, Andrea; D’Ascenzo, Fabrizio; Zoccai, Giuseppe Biondi; Ferrari, Gaetano Maria De (4 April 2020). "COVID-19 in Europe: the Italian lesson". The Lancet. 395 (10230): 1110–1111. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30690-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7118630. PMID 32220279.
- ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (13 March 2020). "Europe is epicenter of coronavirus pandemic: WHO". Reuters. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Europe now epicentre of the pandemic, says WHO". BBC. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ Feuer, Will (22 May 2020). "South America is a 'new epicenter' of the coronavirus pandemic, WHO says".
- ^ Henley, Jon (18 March 2020). "More than 250m in lockdown in EU as Belgium and Germany adopt measures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19's epicentre again: Europe faces fresh reckoning". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Covid: Half of Europe to be infected with Omicron within weeks - WHO". BBC News. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ Rentoul, John (12 March 2022). "If you think you know how many Britons died during the pandemic, think again". Independent.
- ^ Smyth, Chris (12 March 2022). "UK's Covid death toll is below the European average". The Sunday Times.
- ^ Bank, European Investment (18 May 2022). Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond: Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from Eastern Europe to Central Asia. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5086-9.
- ^ "New EIB-EBRD-WB Enterprise Survey: Are companies in the Western Balkans prepared for another crisis?". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bank, European Investment (5 May 2022). Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5233-7.
- ^ "Press corner". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "COVID-19 and digitalisation". Eurofound. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ "Productivity gains from teleworking in the post COVID-19 era: How can public policies make it happen?". OECD. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ "How Firms are Responding and Adapting During COVID-19 and Recovery" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e "Home". www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "Paving the Digital Path in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ "Tracking SARS-CoV-2: Map, data and timeline". BNO News. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ "WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ a b "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic". Worldometer. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ "Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21". The Lancet. 10 March 2022.
- ^ "Coronavirus Albania | Statistika" (in Albanian). Agjencia Kombëtare e Shoqerisë së Informacionit. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
- ^ "Albania: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
- ^ "Actualitat coronavirus". www.govern.ad (in Catalan). Govern d'Andorra. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
- ^ "Neuartiges Coronavirus (2019-nCov)". www.sozialministerium.at. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ "Aktuelle Zahlen zum Corona-Virus". bmi.gv.at (in German). Retrieved 12 September 2022.
- ^ "Austria: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ "СТОПКОВИД.БЕЛ". stopcovid.belta.by. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ "Belarus: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
- ^ "COVID-19 – Epidemiologische situatie". Sciensano (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ "Coronavirus COVID-19" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 September 2022.
- ^ "Belgium: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "COVID-19 in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ "Službene informacije o koronavirusu u BiH". mcp.gov.ba. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "COVID–19 Information Portal". coronavirus.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Official government website for accurate and verified information on Coronavirus". Government of the Republic of Croatia. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
- ^ "Πύλη Πληροφόρησης Πανεπιστημίου Κύπρου για το COVID-19". covid19.ucy.ac.cy. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ "Cyprus: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ a b c "Přehled situace v ČR: COVID-19". mzcr.cz (in Czech). 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ "Czechia: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Tal og overvågning af COVID-19". Coronavirus/COVID-19 (in Danish). Sundhedsstyrelsen (Danish Health Authority). 17 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "Experience". experience.arcgis.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
- ^ "Denmark: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Information about Coronavirus disease COVID-19". Estonian Health Board. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
- ^ "Coronavirus dataset | Government installation profile". www.terviseamet.ee. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
- ^ "Corona í Føroyum". Corona í Føroyum. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Faroe Islands: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- ^ "Tilannekatsaus koronaviruksesta – Infektiotaudit ja rokotukset THL". Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
- ^ "Coronavirus cases, hospital treatment situation and deaths". www.thl.fi. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Finland: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "COVID-19 : bilan et chiffres clés en France". www.santepubliquefrance.fr (in French). Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "info coronavirus covid-19". Gouvernment.fr (in French). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "France: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "Alle bestätigten Coronavirus-Infektionen nach Landkreisen und Bundesländern". Tagesspiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ^ "Wie sich das Coronavirus in Ihrer Region ausbreitet" [How the coronavirus affects your region] (in German). Zeit Online. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "Germany: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ @GibraltarGov (22 September 2022). "Coronavirus: COVID-19 Information" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 September 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Gibraltar: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ "Ενημέρωση διαπιστευμένων δημοσιογράφων από τον Υφυπουργό Πολιτικής Προστασίας και Διαχείρισης Κρίσεων Νίκο Χαρδαλιά για το νέο κορονοϊό - 28/7/2020". Civil Protection Greece (in Greek). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ "Ημερήσια Επισκόπηση | CoVid19.gov.gr". covid19.gov.gr (in Greek). 4 April 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
- ^ "Greece: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "COVID-19 (Coronavirus) | States of Guernsey - COVID-19". covid19.gov.gg. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- ^ "Tájékoztató oldal a koronavírusról" (in Hungarian). Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. 28 September 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
- ^ "Hungary: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ Ss (21 March 2023). "covid.is/data". Mbl. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ "Latest updates on COVID-19 (Coronavirus)". Department of Health (Ireland).
- ^ "Latest updates". Isle of Man Government. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "Isle of Man: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ^ Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (2 October 2024). "COVID-19 Situazione Italia - In fase di aggiornamento" (in Italian). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- ^ Jersey, States of. "Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases". www.gov.je. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "Të gjitha lajmet nga Covid-19". KOHA.net (in Albanian). Retrieved 22 May 2022.
- ^ "Kosovo: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ SPKC.gov.lvVerified account. "SPKC.gov.lv (@SPKCentrs)". Twitter. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Covid-19 izplatība Latvijā" [Distribution of Covid-19 in Latvia]. covid19.gov.lv (in Latvian). 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Latvia: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Situationsbericht zu COVID-19 im Fürstentum Liechtenstein" (PDF) (in German). 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "Liechtenstein: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ Svarbiausia informacija apie koronavirusą (COVID-19) lrv.ltaccessed 6 October 2021
- ^ "COVID-19 ligos apžvalga Lietuvoje" [COVID-19 disease review in Lithuania]. gislithuania.maps.arcgis.com (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Lithuania: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Coronavirus: COVID-19". Government of Luxembourg. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ^ "Luxembourg: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "COVID-19 Malta - Data Dashboard". deputyprimeminister.gov.mt. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ "Malta: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "COVID-19 în Republica Moldova: situaţia la zi". gismoldova.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ^ "Republic of Moldova: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Covid-19 : 16 nouveaux cas positifs et 8 guérisons ce lundi 30 mai". Portail Officiel du Gouvernement Princier (in French). Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "Monaco: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Statistički podaci o COVID/19" [Statistical data of COVID-19]. covidodgovor.me (in Montenegrin). Government of Montenegro. 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ "Montenegro: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Actuele informatie over het nieuwe coronavirus (COVID-19) | RIVM". www.rivm.nl. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "Statistieken over het Coronavirus en COVID-19 (dagelijks bijgewerkt!)". AlleCijfers.nl (in Dutch). 4 May 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- ^ "Детални статистики". Коронавирус | Влада.мк (in Macedonian). Retrieved 23 September 2021.
- ^ "Real-time Coronavirus condition in North Macedonia". gdi.net (in Macedonian). Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ "North Macedonia: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ Nilsen, Av Sondre; Skjetne, Oda Leraan; Sfrintzeris, Yasmin; Røset, Hanna Haug; breaking-avdeling, Carina Hunshamar og VGs. "Live-oppdatering: coronavirusets spredning i Norge og verden". VG Nett. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ "Corona-viruset: Slik spres viruset i Norge og verden. Kart og statistikk". Vg.no. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ "Norway: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Ministerstwo Zdrowia" (in Polish). Ministry of Health (Poland). 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Raport zakażeń koronawirusem (SARS-CoV-2) - Koronawirus: informacje i zalecenia - Portal Gov.pl". Koronawirus: informacje i zalecenia (in Polish). Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ "A RESPOSTA DE PORTUGAL À COVID19". Direcção Geral de Saúde. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ^ "Portugal: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "BULETIN DE PRESĂ 17 aprilie 2022, ora 13.00". stirioficiale.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ "Romania: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Оперативные данные За неделю 28.08 - 03.09". Стопкоронавирус.рф (in Russian). Retrieved 10 September 2023.
- ^ "Aggiornamento epidemia Covid-19 e andamento Campagna Vaccinale - 16 gennaio 2023". Istituto per la Sicurezza Sociale (in Italian). 16 January 2023. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "San Marino: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Official government website for information on Covid-19 in Serbia". covid19.rs/homepage-english/. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Slovak Republic in numbers". korona.gov.sk. National Health Information Center. 12 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ Koronavirus COVID-19 Archived 13 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine www.gov.si, accessed 12 March 2020
- ^ "Statistični pregled koronavirusa v Sloveniji" [Statistical review of coronavirus in Slovenia]. www.rtvslo.si (in Slovenian). 30 November 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "La pandemia del coronavirus, en datos, mapas y gráficos". RTVE (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ "Spain: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ "Totalt antal laboratoriebekräftade" (in Swedish). Experience.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- ^ "Sweden: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Current situation in Switzerland". Federal Office of Public Health. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Cas d'infection au Sars-CoV-2 en Suisse". tdg.ch (in French). Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Switzerland: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ "T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı Günlük Koronavirüs Tablosu, Turkey Ministry of Health Daily Coronavirus Table". covid19.saglik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ "Turkey: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "Coronavirus in Ukraine". covid19.gov.ua. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ "The United Kingdom: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Covid-19: 2 new cases in the Vatican, another 170 people tested – Vatican News". Vaticannews.va. 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus 2019-nCov Statistics Update (Live)". virusncov.com. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ Reynolds, Emma (4 September 2020). "It's the worst disaster of the pandemic. But WHO chief says our lack of concern shows 'moral bankruptcy'". CNN. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ "Situation update for the EU/EEA and the UK". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Ministria e Shëndetësisë: Konfirmohen dy rastet e para me koronavirusin e ri" (in Albanian). Ministry of Health and Social Protection. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ "Albania suspends UK flights over new Covid-19 variant - report". SeeNews. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ "Albania: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "A 20-year old man is Andorra's first coronavirus case". Reuters. 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ "actualitat coronavirus". govern d'andorra. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Austria reports first two cases of coronavirus". The Guardian. Associated Press. 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Zwei Fälle in Tirol bestätigt". news.ORF.at (in German). 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ Busby, Mattha; Belam, Martin; Marsh, Sarah; Rourke, Alison; Farrer, Martin (25 February 2020). "Coronavirus news: Austria and Croatia report first cases as Tenerife quarantines hotel – live updates". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ Helen Regan; Adam Renton; Meg Wagner; Mike Hayes; Veronica Rocha (25 February 2020). "Austria's 2 coronavirus cases are Italian citizens". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Eintragungsfehler: "Patient 0" in Ischgl nun doch schon im Februar". Tiroler Tageszeitung (in German). 23 June 2020. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ "Austria: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
- ^ "Belarus announces first case of coronavirus: TASS". Reuters. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ "Belarus: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ "COVID-19 - Epidemiologische situatie" (PDF). Sciensano. 9 July 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Mathieu, Edouard; Ritchie, Hannah; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Dattani, Saloni; Beltekian, Diana; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (2020–2024). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ "One repatriated Belgian has tested positive for the novel coronavirus". Federal Public Service Health. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Belgian leaves hospital". VRT. 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020.
- ^ "6 new cases of Covid-19 by the end of the spring holidays". info-coronavirus.be. Federal Public Service Health. 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020.
- ^ Bradshaw, Lisa (2 March 2020). "Seven confirmed coronavirus cases in Belgium following holiday week". Flanders Today. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Why so many people are dying in Belgium". BBC. 2 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
- ^ McCaffrey, Darren (22 April 2020). "Analysis: Can we trust Belgium's COVID-19 death statistics?". Euronews. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ "Bosnia confirms its first case of coronavirus". N1 BA. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ "Prva žrtva koronavirusa u BiH: U Bihaću preminula starija žena". Klix.ba (in Bosnian). Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ "Saopćenje i audiozapis konferencije za medije nakon 5. vanredne sjednica Vijeća ministara BiH". vijeceministara.gov.ba. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Worldometers Coronavirus Statistics". [[Worldometers]. 30 December 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Bulgaria, Moldova Report First Coronavirus Cases". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 March 2020.
- ^ "Проф. Тодор Кантарджиев: От Плевен имаме две положителни проби за коронавирус, от Габрово също" (in Bulgarian). 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ "Официално: Има четири потвърдени случая на коронавирус в България". 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ "НС прие с пълно единодушие обявяването на извънредно положение в цялата страна – По света и у нас". news.bnt.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "28-дневна карантина за заразени с коронавирус – България". dariknews.bg (in Bulgarian). 27 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ "Коронавирус: В България удължават извънредното положение" (in Bulgarian). Deutsche Welle. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
- ^ "Bulgaria: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ "Croatia latest European country to confirm coronavirus case". The Guardian. 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Croatia confirms third case of coronavirus infection". N1 HR (in Croatian). 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "SNAŽNI POTRESI UZDRMALI ZAGREB Prvo podrhtavanje zabilježeno u 6.24, drugo pola sata kasnije, građani na ulicama, štete ogromne, poginula curica (15)". Jutarnji List. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ "Large earthquake hits Zagreb". Time Out. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ Veljković, Sandra (26 March 2020). "Oxford: Hrvatska ima najstrože mjere u Europi. Beroš: Pažljivo balansiramo". Večernji list (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ N.C. (18 March 2020). "Koronavirusom zaražena 81 osoba! Za građane otvorena linija 113, u kršenju izolacije uhvaćene 132 osobe". rtl.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "#BREAKING Cyprus reports 2 coronavirus cases, all EU states now hitpic.twitter.com/FBQYaTdUbK". @AFP. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "BREAKING NEWS: Two cases of coronavirus confirmed". 9 March 2020 – via cyprus-mail.com.
- ^ "Two patients have tested positive for the coronavirus in Cyprus". Daily Cyprus News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus: Which countries have travel bans?". CNN. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Czechs get to work making masks after government decree". The Guardian. 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ Braagaard, Natali (27 February 2020). "Dansker smittet med coronavirus". TV 2 (in Danish). Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Følg smittespredningen globalt, regionalt og lokalt". Styrelsen for Patientsikkerhed (Ministry of Health) (in Danish). 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Svendsen, Anders Byskov (11 March 2020). "Corona-tiltag: Elever og studerende på alle uddannelsesinstitutioner sendes hjem nu". DR (in Danish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ Møller, Albert Schmidt (13 March 2020). "Statsministeren lukker grænsen for at bremse coronavirussen". TV 2 (in Danish). Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "First Coronavirus case found in Estonia". ERR. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Eestis on koroonaviirus tuvastatud kümnel inimesel" [Ten people have been diagnosed with coronavirus in Estonia] (in Estonian). ERR. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ "Teisipäevase seisuga on Eestis koroonaviirus tuvastatud 13 inimesel" [As of Tuesday, 13 people have been diagnosed with coronavirus in Estonia] (in Estonian). ERR. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ "Three new cases of coronavirus disease confirmed in Estonia". ERR. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ "109 cases of coronavirus disease confirmed in Estonia". ERR. 14 March 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Finland's first coronavirus case confirmed in Lapland". Yle Uutiset. 29 January 2020.
- ^ "Finland's first coronavirus patient began to show symptoms three days ago". 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "THL data reveals spike in coronavirus cases in Finland over the weekend". helsinkitimes.fi. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ^ "Situation update on coronavirus – Infectious diseases and vaccinations – THL". Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- ^ "Experience". experience.arcgis.com. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- ^ Provenzano, Elsa (26 January 2020). "Coronavirus : Que sait-on du cas détecté à Bordeaux ?". 20 Minutes (in French). Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ Figaro, Le (8 February 2020). "Coronavirus : 5 nouveaux cas confirmés en France". Le Figaro (in French). Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus. Une 11e guérison en France, " plus aucun malade hospitalisé "". Ouest-France (in French). 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^ "L'Armée de l'air au service des Français". defense.gouv.fr. 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "First coronavirus death confirmed in Europe". BBC News. 15 February 2020. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ Wiegel, Michaela; Paris (30 March 2020). "Corona-Krise im Elsass: "Wir sind unendlich dankbar für die Hilfe aus Deutschland"". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Spain and France announce sweeping restrictions". BBC News. 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Infection au nouveau Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, France et Monde Archived 21 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine www.santepubliquefrance.fr. Retrieved 12 March 2020
- ^ Collins, Lauren (30 March 2020). ""Here, the Terrorists Are Inside": The French Psychiatrist Who Counsels Crisis Doctors". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "En Ehpad, le nombre de morts du Covid-19 plus lourd que le bilan officiel". 20 minutes (in French). 25 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "French hospitals record deadliest day with 588 coronavirus deaths". France 24. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ Irish, John (4 May 2020). "After retesting samples, French hospital discovers COVID-19 case from December". Reuters.
- ^ Fox, Maggie (4 May 2020). "French doctors say they found a Covid-19 patient from December". CNN.
Researchers in the US have also started finding evidence that the virus was infecting and killing people earlier than the country's first reported cases.
- ^ "France to give $9 billion in pay raises to health care workers". CNN. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Map". Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center.
- ^ "Alle bestätigten Coronavirus-Infektionen nach Landkreisen und Bundesländern". Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Daily Situation Report of the Robert Koch Institute" (PDF). Robert Koch Institute. 2 April 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus-Monitor". Berliner Morgenpost. 24 March 2020.
- ^ Blickle, Paul; Engmann, René; Erdmann, Elena; Fischer, Linda; Gortana, Flavio; Klack, Moritz; Kreienbrink, Matthias; Stahnke, Julian; Stockrahm, Sven; Tröger, Julius; Venohr, Sascha (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus in Deutschland: Wie sich das Coronavirus in Ihrer Region ausbreitet". Die Zeit.
- ^ Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe (26 May 2020). "Germany: Coronavirus Pandemic Country Profile". Our World in Data. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "German state finance minister Thomas Schäfer found dead". Deutsche Welle. 29 March 2020.
- ^ "Beat Covid Gibraltar App – 409/2020". HM Government of Gibraltar. 18 June 2020.
- ^ "Greece confirms first coronavirus case". Reuters. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Κορωνοϊός: Δεύτερο θετικό κρούσμα στην Ελλάδα -Το παιδί της 38χρονης | ΕΛΛΑΔΑ". iefimerida.gr (in Greek). 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Κορωνοϊός: Στην Αθήνα το τρίτο κρούσμα -Ακυρώνονται όλα τα καρναβάλια στη χώρα | ΕΛΛΑΔΑ". iefimerida.gr (in Greek). 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Κορονοϊός: τρία κρούσματα στην Ελλάδα – Ακυρώνονται οι εκδηλώσεις για το Καρναβάλι σε όλη τη χώρα". antenna.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Κορωνοϊός στην Ελλάδα: Στα 31 τα κρούσματα – 21 νέα". CNN.gr (in Greek). 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Κορονοϊός: 14 ακόμα κρούσματα στην Ελλάδα!". newsit.gr. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Greece reports first coronavirus death, 66-year-old man". The Straits Times. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Έκθεση επιδημιολογικής επιτήρησης λοίμωξης από το νέο κορωνοϊό (COVID-19) (27/7/2020)" (PDF). National Public Health Organization (Greece) (in Greek). 27 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ "Ενημέρωση διαπιστευμένων δημοσιογράφων από τον Υφυπουργό Πολιτικής Προστασίας και Διαχείρισης Κρίσεων Νίκο Χαρδαλιά για το νέο κορονοϊό – 28/7/2020". Civil Protection Greece (in Greek). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ "Κοροναϊός: Ένατο επιβεβαιωμένο κρούσμα στην Πάτρα". onmed.gr (in Greek). 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Κορονοϊός: Δέκα τα κρούσματα στην Ελλάδα". antenna.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ "ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑΣ & ΘΡΗΣΚΕΥΜΑΤΩΝ – 10-03-20 Προσωρινή απαγόρευση της εκπαιδευτικής λειτουργίας όλων των εκπαιδευτικών δομών". minedu.gov.gr. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ Capital.gr. "Στα 190 συνολικά τα κρούσματα στην Ελλάδα – Κλείνουν εμπορικά κέντρα, καφέ, μπαρ". Capital.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Κορονοϊός: Κλείνουν τα εμπορικά καταστήματα – Σε καραντίνα όσοι έρχονται από εξωτερικό". news247.gr (in Greek). 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Αναστέλλονται όλες οι θρησκευτικές λειτουργίες με απόφαση της κυβέρνησης". Kathimerini. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Κορονοϊός: Τα μέτρα για εργαζόμενους κι επιχειρήσεις". Έθνος (in Greek). 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Full lockdown in effect from Monday to curb coronavirus". Kathimerini. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Greeks emerge from lockdown". Kathimerini. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ Maguire, Jack (9 March 2020). "First case of coronavirus confirmed in Channel Islands". jerseyeveningpost.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Guernsey has no 'known' cases". BBC News. BBC. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus case confirmed in Guernsey after 129 days Covid-free". Guernsey press. 7 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Két koronavírusos beteg van Magyarországon". Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ "Fyrsta tilfelli COVID-19 greint á Íslandi" [First COVID-19 case diagnosed in Iceland] (in Icelandic). 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ "Neyðarstig almannavarna vegna COVID-19". Almannavarnir (Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management). 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ "Blaðamannafundur heilbrigðisráðherra" (in Icelandic). 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "First case of coronavirus in Republic of Ireland". BBC News. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "First case of Covid-19 diagnosed in east of Ireland". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 1 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Statement from the National Public Health Emergency Team". 29 February 2020.
- ^ Cullen, Paul (3 March 2020). "Second case of coronavirus is confirmed in east of Ireland". The Irish Times. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Irish St Patrick's Day parades off over coronavirus". BBC News. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ Thomas, Cónal. "Coronavirus: Nine more cases of Covid-19 confirmed in Republic of Ireland". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ Leahy, Pat; Cullen, Paul; Lynch, Suzanne; Kelly, Fiach (12 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland to shut". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ Kenny, Aisling (20 March 2020). "President Higgins signs emergency measures into law". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland to shut". The Irish Times. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ Carroll, Rory (27 March 2020). "'Stay home': Varadkar announces sweeping two-week lockdown". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ Kenny, Aisling (1 May 2020). "Outdoor time for over 70s and exercise limit extended to 5km". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ "At a glance: What restrictions are likely to be lifted and when?". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 15 May 2020. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ Regan, Mary (15 July 2020). "Phase 4 of lifting Covid-19 restrictions deferred". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "What's in the Government's medium-term plan for living with Covid?". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 15 September 2020. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ Ryan, Philip (19 October 2020). "Cabinet accepts Level 5 lockdown for six weeks". Irish Independent. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ Lehane, Mícheál (27 November 2020). "Country moves to Level 3 'with modifications' on Tuesday". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ^ McGlynn, Michelle (21 December 2020). "'Third wave clearly underway': No deaths and 727 new Covid-19 cases in Ireland". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Leahy, Pat; Clarke, Vivienne (22 December 2020). "Covid-19: Taoiseach confirms return to tighter restrictions as case numbers rise". The Irish Times. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Bray, Jennifer; Burns, Sarah; Power, Jack; Hilliard, Mark (30 December 2020). "Level 5 restrictions to remain in place until January 31st, Taoiseach announces". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- ^ Horgan-Jones, Jack; Bray, Jennifer (26 January 2021). "Level 5 extended until March 5th while officials consider ban on all non-essential travel into State". The Irish Times. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ "Current public health restrictions to continue until 5th April". gov.ie. Department of the Taoiseach. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ Bray, Jennifer; Horgan-Jones, Jack; McGee, Harry; O'Halloran, Marie; Carswell, Simon; Clarke, Vivienne (30 March 2021). "'We are on the final stretch of this terrible journey' insists Taoiseach as he announces phased changes to Covid-19 restrictions". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ Bray, Jennifer; Horgan-Jones, Jack; McQuinn, Cormac (29 April 2021). "Taoiseach says 'hope is returning' as he outlines plan to significantly ease Covid-19 restrictions from May 10th". The Irish Times. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ Lehane, Mícheál (31 August 2021). "Cabinet agrees to end almost all restrictions by 22 October". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ^ Bray, Jennifer (19 October 2021). "New reopening plan: No capacity limits on weddings, and nightclubs to reopen". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
- ^ Regan, Mary (3 December 2021). "Fresh restrictions after 'stark' NPHET advice". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
- ^ O'Loughlin, Ciara (8 January 2022). "Record 26,122 new Covid-19 cases confirmed – highest daily number since pandemic began". Irish Independent. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ Horgan-Jones, Jack; McQuinn, Cormac; Clarke, Vivienne (21 January 2022). "'Time to be ourselves again': Taoiseach confirms end to almost all Covid-19 restrictions". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ Molony, Senan; Donnelly, Katherine (22 February 2022). "Almost all Covid measures to end next week, Cabinet agrees". Irish Independent. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Latest updates on COVID-19 (Coronavirus)". gov.ie. Government of Ireland. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "Coronavirus, primi due casi in Italia: sono due turisti cinesi". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ Jessie Yeung; Adam Renton; Steve George (6 February 2020). "February 6 coronavirus news". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus, bollettino dello Spallanzani: guarito il ricercatore italiano, verrà dimesso oggi. Niccolò "sta benissimo" – Il video". Open (in Italian). 22 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus, diretta. Contagi a quota 424, primo caso in Puglia, 12 morti. Lombardia, Fontana è negativo, ma resta in isolamento per 14 giorni". Il Messaggero. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ Anzolin, Elisa; Amante, Angelo (21 February 2020). "Coronavirus outbreak grows in northern Italy, 16 cases reported in one day". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: primi casi a Milano. Cosa sappiamo dei nuovi contagi in Lombardia, Veneto e Piemonte". Corriere della Sera. 22 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Adriano Trevisan, la prima vittima di coronavirus in Italia". la Repubblica (in Italian). 22 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli (25 February 2020). "Politics goes viral as Italy struggles with outbreak". Politico. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Covid-19 – Situazione in Italia". salute.gov.it (in Italian). Ministero della Salute. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "EU Entry Restrictions Gradually Eased After COVID-19". 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020 – via etiasvisa.com.
- ^ "Coronavirus: quarter of Italy's population put in quarantine as virus reaches Washington DC". The Guardian. 8 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ Coronavirus: Italy extends emergency measures nationwide Archived 9 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine 10 March 2020 BBC. Retrieved 12 March 2020
- ^ Thomas, Leigh (20 November 2020). "French, Italian economies hurt most under second lockdowns". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ "Sailing update information". Condor Ferries. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ @JERairport (28 March 2020). "Due to the current situation BA Jersey/Gatwick services will be suspended as from Tuesday 31 March until end of April. Passengers due to travel during this period should contact the airline directly for alternative options" (Tweet). Retrieved 28 March 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ "ersey contact tracing app launched". ITV News. 14 October 2020.
- ^ "From 35 to 61 cases in Kosovo with COVID-19, 26 more unexpected cases" (in Albanian). 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ office, pristine (2020). "effect of covid on kosovo" (PDF).
- ^ "Latvia: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ^ "Junger Mann positiv auf Coronavirus getestet". Vaterland online. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ "Skvernelis pranešė, kad šeštadienį bus priimtas sprendimas dėl karantino šalies mastu". lrt.lt (in Lithuanian). 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "First coronavirus case reported in Malta". The Times (Malta). 7 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ Government of Monaco (28 February 2020). "[#Coronavirus] Les autorités sanitaires de la Principauté ont été informées qu'une personne prise en charge dans la matinée et conduite au Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace était positive au COVID 19.Son état de santé n'inspire pas d'inquiétude.pic.twitter.com/FAFqdDOdll". @GvtMonaco (in French). Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ BFMTV. "Coronavirus: un premier cas de contamination détecté à Monaco et transféré au CHU de Nice" (in French). BFMTV. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ Portal Senat.me (18 March 2020). "CoVID19 case confirmed in Montenegro". Podgorica, Montenegro. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
PM Marković: First two cases of coronavirus CoVID19 confirmed in Montenegro, we successfully resisted for three months, new phase of challenge begins and we remain one team
- ^ "Montenegro reports first case of corona virus infection". Reuters. 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Montenegro is Europe's last remaining coronavirus-free country". RT. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ Ako sumnjate da ste inficirani, pozovite 1616 Archived 25 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine www.coronainfocg.me. Retrieved 3 April 2020
- ^ Senat.me (28 March 2020). "Vlada Crne Gore: Potrebno 59,2 Mil € Za Borbu Protiv CoVID19". Portal Senat (in Montenegrin). Retrieved 1 April 2020.
Government of Montenegro: € 59,2 million needed for addressing CoVID19 issues
- ^ "Montenegro: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Patiënt met nieuw coronavirus in Nederland | RIVM". rivm.nl. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ "First coronavirus fatality in Netherlands: Rotterdam patient dead at 86". nltimes.nl. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ "Nog twee patiënten overleden door coronavirus, in totaal 264 infecties". nu.nl. 8 March 2020.
- ^ "Scholen dicht: 'Veel leraren staan klaar om er het beste van te maken'". nu. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ "278 nieuwe bevestigde besmettingen in Nederland, dodental naar 24". nu.nl. 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ a b "The approach to tackling coronavirus in the Netherlands – Coronavirus COVID-19". government.nl. Government of the Netherlands. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ "Rutte: Groot deel van Nederlanders zal besmet raken met coronavirus". 16 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Misérus, Mark; Dirks, Bart; Kreling, Tom (23 March 2020). "Geen Koningsdag en eredivisie, forse boetes en strenge handhaving". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ "Прв случај на заболен од коронавирус во Македонија". А1он. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ "Вонредни мерки на владата против корона вирусот | Телма" (in Macedonian). Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ^ "61 hour curfew". 360stepeni. 10 April 2020.
- ^ "Почна 85-часовниот полициски час во Македонија". Lider.mk (in Macedonian). Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ "Пендаровски прогласи нова вонредна состојба во траење од 14 дена". Кајгана (in Macedonian). Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ "One person has tested positive for coronavirus". Norwegian Institute of Public Health. 19 April 2016. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Norway announces first case of coronavirus". thelocal.no. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Status koronavirus lørdag 7. mars 2020". Norwegian Institute of Public Health (in Norwegian). 19 April 2016. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "The Norwegian Directorate of Health has issued a decision to close schools and other educational institutions". helsedirektoratet.no. The Norwegian Directorate of Health. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Raport zakażeń koronawirusem (SARS-CoV-2) - Koronawirus: informacje i zalecenia". gov.pl (in Polish). 21 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ "Portugal registers first two cases of coronavirus: Health minister". Reuters. 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Portugal Registers First Two Cases of Coronavirus: Health Minister". The New York Times. 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "Mensagem do Presidente da República ao País sobre a declaração do estado de emergência (Palácio de Belém, 18 de março de 2020)" [Message of the President of the Republic to the Country on the declaration of a state of emergency]. Presidency of the Portuguese Republic (in Portuguese). 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Portugal em fase de mitigação a partir de quinta-feira". Expresso. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "Primul caz de coronavirus în România. Suspiciuni despre un al doilea caz în Gorj" [First coronavirus case in Romania. Suspicions about a second case in Gorj]. Digi24 (in Romanian). Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Comunicate de presă". Ministerul Afacerilor Interne (in Romanian). Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "Valeriu Gheorghiţă: Nu există date, în prezent, care să justifice doza a patra de vaccin anti-COVID. 50% din populaţia adultă peste 18 ani s-a imunizat cu cel puţin o doză". stiri.tvr.ro. 27 January 2022.
- ^ "Romania: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ^ a b "Russia to deport 88 foreigners for violating coronavirus quarantine". Reuters. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "У приехавшего из Италии россиянина обнаружили коронавирус". Interfax.ru. 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "У вернувшегося из Италии россиянина выявили коронавирус – РИА Новости, 2 March 2020". 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "В России выявили первые два случая заражения коронавирусом". TASS. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ^ "Четыре новых случая заражения коронавирусом зарегистрированы в России за последние сутки" [Four new cases of coronavirus infection registered in Russia in the last day] (in Russian). 7 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "Плюс три: в РФ зафиксированы новые случаи заболевания коронавирусом" [Plus three: new cases of coronavirus disease were recorded in Russian Federation] (in Russian). 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "В Москве ограничат массовые мероприятия с численностью более пяти тысяч человек" [Mass events in Moscow with more than 5000 participants will be limited.]. mos.ru (in Russian). 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: primo caso nella Repubblica di San Marino". Altarimini.it (in Italian). 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ a b Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/San Marino medical cases chart
- ^ Nestorović: Zbog neodgovornih pojedinaca moguća izolacija Valjeva Archived 27 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine www.danas.rs. Retrieved 27 March 2020
- ^ "Serbia reports first case of coronavirus – health minister". Reuters. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ Health, P. M. N. (6 March 2020). "Serbia reports first case of coronavirus – health minister". National Post. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ "Slovakia reports first case of coronavirus". Reuters. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ a.s, Petit Press. "Slovensko má tri prípady koronavírusu, identifikovali aj pacienta 0". domov.sme.sk (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "Slovakia carries out Covid mass testing of two-thirds of population". The Guardian. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Boffey, Daniel (30 October 2020). "Slovakia to test all citizens over age of 10 for coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ "First case of coronavirus infection confirmed in Slovenia". Slovenian Press Agency. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ "Slovenia confirms first case of coronavirus -health minister". 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ Linde, Pablo (31 January 2020). "Sanidad confirma en La Gomera el primer caso de coronavirus en España". El Pais (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ^ "First confirmed coronavirus case in Spain in La Gomera, Canary Islands". Outbreak News Today. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ Sanidad, Ministerio de (31 January 2020). "El Centro Nacional de Microbiología ha confirmado, pasadas las diez de esta noche, que una de las muestras enviadas desde La Gomera ha dado positivo en #coronaviruspic.twitter.com/B21LojPzZD". @sanidadgob (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ a b Tremlett, Giles (26 March 2020). "How did Spain get its coronavirus response so wrong?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus, positivi due italiani a Tenerife. Mille persone nell'hotel in quarantena". la Repubblica (in Italian). 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Un italiano da positivo por coronavirus en el sur de Tenerife". RTVE.es (in Spanish). 24 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Sanidad confirma el primer positivo por coronavirus en Valencia". Las Provincias (in Spanish). 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ Spain to impose nationwide lockdown 14 March 2020 el-mundo via nationalpost.com accessed 16 March 2020
- ^ Cué, Carlos E. (14 March 2020). "El Gobierno prohíbe todos los viajes que no sean de fuerza mayor". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "El mapa del coronavirus en España". 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Jones, Sam (28 March 2020). "Spain orders non-essential workers stay home for two weeks". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- ^ "Spain sees historic rise in unemployment as nearly 900,000 lose jobs since coronavirus lockdown". The Independent. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ Montero-Lamas, Yaiza; Orro, Alfonso; Novales, Margarita; Varela-García, Francisco-Alberto (January 2022). "Analysis of the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Areas of Influence of Bus Stops and the Decrease in Ridership during COVID-19 Lockdowns". Sustainability. 14 (7): 4248. doi:10.3390/su14074248. hdl:2183/30910. ISSN 2071-1050.
- ^ "Spanish PM calls for debate on treating COVID-19 as endemic". AP News. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- ^ "First case of coronavirus confirmed in Sweden". thelocal.se. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ^ "Nytt bekräftat fall av covid-19 — Folkhälsomyndigheten". folkhalsomyndigheten.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Ytterligare fall av covid-19 i flera regioner — Folkhälsomyndigheten". folkhalsomyndigheten.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Fler fall upptäckta av covid-19 — Folkhälsomyndigheten". folkhalsomyndigheten.se (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Covid-19 – coronavirus" [When and where should I seek care? The vast majority of people who become ill do not need to seek care because the problems usually go away by themselves.]. 1177 Vårdguiden. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
När och var ska jag söka vård? De allra flesta som blir sjuka behöver inte söka vård eftersom besvären brukar gå över av sig själv.
- ^ Regeringskansliet, Regeringen och (22 December 2020). "Ban on entry into Sweden from the United Kingdom and Denmark". Regeringskansliet. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
- ^ "Erster bestätigter Fall in der Schweiz". Blick (in German). 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ "BREAKING: Switzerland confirms first case of coronavirus". The Local. 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus cases spreading in Switzerland". SWI swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Informationen zum Coronavirus". gr.ch. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Swiss coronavirus cases rise to nine as children placed in precautionary quarantine". Reuters. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Google employee who was at Zurich office tests positive for coronavirus". Yahoo! Finance. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Geneva International Motor Show visitor numbers down in 2018". Le News. 18 March 2018. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: the situation in Switzerland". Swissinfo.ch. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ 16.03.2020 – Medienkonferenz des BR – Coronavirus (COVID-19): Aktueller Stand und Entscheide Archived 18 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine 16 March 2020 YouTube. Retrieved 19 March 2020
- ^ Verordnung 2 über Massnahmen zur Bekämpfung des Coronavirus (COVID-19) Archived 17 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine www.bag.admin.ch. Retrieved 19 March 2020
- ^ New coronavirus: Federal government measures Archived 4 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine www.bag.admin.ch. Retrieved 19 March 2020
- ^ FOPH, Federal Office of Public Health. "New coronavirus: Measures, ordinance and explanations". bag.admin.ch.
- ^ Erni, Salome (23 December 2020). "90-jährige Luzernerin als erste Person in der Schweiz gegen Corona geimpft". Neue Luzerner Zeitung. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ Pralong, Julien (23 December 2020). "La piqûre de l'espoir pratiquée à Lucerne". Heidi.news. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ Arseven, Moroğlu (November 2016). "Turkey Introduces Rules for Personal Health Data". lexology.com. Lexology. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ a b c Cantekin, Kayahan (24 March 2020). "Turkey: Government Takes Extraordinary Administrative Measures for the Coronavirus Pandemic". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d "What Turkey got right about the pandemic". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
The strategy of ordering people over 65 to stay home seems to have worked. The most vulnerable escaped the worst of the pandemic, while those infected, mostly working-age adults, generally recovered.
- ^ "Covid: Turkey enters first full lockdown". BBC News. 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ Karaj, Vladimir (24 November 2020). "Albanians Spend Millions on COVID-19 Treatment in Turkey". Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
- ^ "Mortality Analyses". Johns Hopkins University. 27 December 2020. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ^ Hasell, Joe; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (27 December 2020). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ^ "What Turkey got right about the pandemic". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
Few elderly Turks live in nursing homes, which became breeding grounds for the virus in Europe and America.
- ^ "What Turkey got right about the pandemic". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
Demography mattered. Among OECD countries, only Mexico and Colombia have a lower proportion of people aged 65 and over than Turkey does.
- ^ a b "Turkey has been contact tracing for a century. That offers lessons and perils". National Geographic. 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
- ^ "The Battle Over the Numbers: Turkey's Low Case Fatality Rate". Institut Montaigne. 4 May 2020. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ Kisa, Sezer; Kisa, Adnan (3 August 2020). "Under-reporting of COVID-19 cases in Turkey". The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 35 (5): 1009–1013. doi:10.1002/hpm.3031. ISSN 0749-6753. PMC 7436880. PMID 32744745.
- ^ a b Pitel, Laura (1 October 2020). "Turkey admits publishing incomplete coronavirus tally". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ "First coronavirus case identified in Ukraine | KyivPost - Ukraine's Global Voice". Kyiv Post. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Ukraine reports first coronavirus case, in man who traveled from Italy". Reuters. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020.
- ^ "В Еще Одной Области Украины Объявили Чрезвычайную Ситуацию Из-За Коронавируса" [An emergency has been declared in another region of Ukraine because of the Corona virus]. TSN. 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020.
- ^ a b Eastern European Vaccine Skeptics Embrace Shots as Cases Soar, Bloomberg News (22 October 2021)
- ^ a b c Record Daily High Of Coronavirus-Related Deaths Reported By Ukraine, Radio Free Europe (25 October 2021)
- ^ Osadcha, Yana (30 May 2022). "Kuzin said whether vaccination against COVID-19 will be stopped in Ukraine". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ (in Ukrainian) In a week, Ukrainians received more than 900,000 vaccinations against COVID, Ukrayinska Pravda (13 September 2021)
- ^ (in Ukrainian) More than 10 million vaccinations: Lyashko assures that he has fulfilled his promise, Ukrayinska Pravda (8 September 2021)
- ^ a b (in Ukrainian) More than half of Ukrainians do not plan to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Poll, Ukrayinska Pravda - Life (13 September 2021)
- ^ Nearly 45% of adult population in Ukraine fully jabbed against COVID-19, Ukrinform (7 January 2022)
- ^ Miller, Christopher (17 April 2020). "No Official Tallies, But Separatist-Held Ukraine Faces 'Considerable' COVID-19 Threat". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
- ^ "Оперативна інформація про поширення та профілактику COVID-19" (in Ukrainian). Ministry of Healthcare. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021.
- ^ Osadcha, Yana (18 May 2022). "Kuzin told about the risk of a new outbreak of COVID-19 in Ukraine". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "All Covid-19 measures officially lifted in Ukraine". The Kyiv Independent. 1 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Chinese national taken to hospital after falling ill at Yorkshire hotel". Telegraph & Argus. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ Boseley, Sarah; Campbell, Denis; Murphy, Simon (6 February 2020). "First British national to contract coronavirus had been in Singapore". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus news LIVE: Number of UK patients hits 16 as Northern Ireland confirms first case". London Evening Standard. 27 February 2020. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Scotland confirms first case of coronavirus bringing UK total to 36". ITV News. 1 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ "Hundreds of flu patients to get coronavirus tests". BBC News. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "China coronavirus: UK tracing up to 2,000 Wuhan visitors". BBC News. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: guidance for staff in the transport sector". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "Parsons Green drive through swabbing hub for Covid-19". Central London Community Healthcare NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Drive-through coronavirus tests begin in Scotland". BBC News. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Smith, Mikey; Bloom, Dan (2 March 2020). "Coronavirus action plan agreed at emergency COBRA meeting chaired by PM". mirror. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) action plan". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "Timeline of key coronavirus events since the UK was put into lockdown six months ago". The Independent. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Act 2020". legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Act 2020 — UK Parliament". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Boris Johnson in 'good spirits' in hospital". BBC News. 6 April 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Boris Johnson spends night in intensive care after symptoms worsen". BBC News. 7 April 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Mason, Rowena (12 April 2020). "Boris Johnson leaves hospital as he continues recovery from coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ a b Daly M (August 2020). "COVID-19 and care homes in England: What happened and why?". Social Policy & Administration. 54 (7): 985–998. doi:10.1111/spol.12645. PMC 7461496. PMID 32904948.
- ^ "Coronavirus pandemic: Tracking the global outbreak". BBC. 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Covid-19: PM announces four-week England lockdown". BBC News. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ "Official UK Coronavirus Dashboard". coronavirus.data.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ "UK 3rd Lockdown announcement". gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-address-to-the-nation-4-january-2021. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "New COVID-19 Variant in the UK". gov.uk/government/collections/new-sars-cov-2-variant. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "Approval by UK Government of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19". gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-covid-19. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "first dose of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19 given". BBC News. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine approved for use". UK Government. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine first dose given". ox.ac.uk/news/2021-01-04-uk-national-health-service-begins-rollout-oxford-coronavirus-vaccine. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine approved for use". gov.uk/government/news/moderna-vaccine-becomes-third-covid-19-vaccine-approved-by-uk-regulator. 8 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "First UK Moderna vaccine administered in Wales". BBC News. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ "Coronavirus, primo caso in Vaticano. In Toscana contagiata una bimba di 45 giorni". la Repubblica (in Italian). 6 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ "Declaration of the Director of the Holy See Press Office, Matteo Bruni, 20.04.2020". Holy See Press Office. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ^ "Holy See Press Office announces 29th covid-19 case in Vatican". Vatican News. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ "Declaration of the Director of the Holy See Press Office, Matteo Bruni, 06.06.2020" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ^ "Covid-19: Eleven cases among Swiss Guards – Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 15 October 2020.
- ^ Vagnoni, Giselda; Pullella, Philip (3 March 2020). "Pope tests negative for coronavirus, Italy report says". Reuters. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ Messia, Hada (14 January 2021). "Pope Francis and former Pope Benedict get first dose of Covid-19 vaccine". CNN. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ^ CNA. "Pope Francis and Benedict XVI receive second dose of COVID-19 vaccine". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ "How Coronavirus Could Affect Refugees Stranded in Greek Camps". Time. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "'Coronavirus doesn't respect barbed wire': concern mounts for Greek camps". The Guardian. 7 April 2020.
- ^ "Πληροφορίες πως η Τουρκία επιχειρεί να στείλει στην Ελλάδα μετανάστες με κορωνοϊό". CNN.gr. 11 April 2020.
- ^ "Worries Grow Turkey Will Send COVID-19 Migrants to Greek Islands, EU". 13 April 2020. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ "Μετανάστες με κορωνοϊό προωθεί η Αγκυρα στην Ελλάδα, του Βασίλη Νέδου | Kathimerini". Kathimerini. 11 April 2020.
- ^ "EU unable to comment on Italy and Malta port closures". EUobserver. 15 April 2020.
- ^ "EXaSCale smArt pLatform Against paThogEns for Corona Virus | EXSCALATE4CoV Project | Fact Sheet | H2020". CORDIS | European Commission. doi:10.3030/101003551. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Gadioli, Davide; Vitali, Emanuele; Ficarelli, Federico; Latini, Chiara; Manelfi, Candida; Talarico, Carmine; Silvano, Cristina; Cavazzoni, Carlo; Palermo, Gianluca; Beccari, Andrea Rosario (1 January 2023). "EXSCALATE: An Extreme-Scale Virtual Screening Platform for Drug Discovery Targeting Polypharmacology to Fight SARS-CoV-2". IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing. 11 (1): 170–181. doi:10.1109/TETC.2022.3187134. hdl:11311/1234144. ISSN 2168-6750.
- ^ Allegretti, Marcello; Cesta, Maria Candida; Zippoli, Mara; Beccari, Andrea; Talarico, Carmine; Mantelli, Flavio; Bucci, Enrico M.; Scorzolini, Laura; Nicastri, Emanuele (January 2022). "Repurposing the estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection". Cell Death & Differentiation. 29 (1): 156–166. doi:10.1038/s41418-021-00844-6. ISSN 1476-5403. PMC 8370058. PMID 34404919.
- ^ "Covid: EU's von der Leyen admits vaccine rollout failures". BBC News. 10 February 2021.
- ^ "Covid: What is happening with the EU vaccine rollout?". BBC News. 21 June 2021.
- ^ "WHO/ECDC: Nearly half a million lives saved by COVID-19 vaccination in less than a year". 25 November 2021.
- ^ "Iceland says it wants 'as many people as possible' to catch Covid after lifting all restrictions | The Independent". Independent.co.uk. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Iceland to lift all COVID-19 restrictions on Friday". Reuters. 23 February 2022 – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ "Coronavirus: European borders likely to remain open despite crisis in Italy, observers say". South China Morning Post. 7 March 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Current Response and Management Decisions of the European Union to the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Review". Sustainability 2020, 12, 3838. 8 May 2020. doi:10.3390/su12093838.
- ^ "Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak". Deutsche Welle. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Salvini and Le Pen Don't Have a Coronavirus Cure". Bloomberg. 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Europe's open borders threatened by spread of disease". The Independent. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Commission chief warns against unilateral virus travel bans". EURACTIV. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Nightmare Could Be the End for Europe's Borderless Dream". The New York Times. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "In dramatic step, Trump restricts travel from Europe to US to fight coronavirus". Reuters. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: What you need to know about Trump's Europe travel ban". The Local. 12 March 2020.
- ^ "Studies Show N.Y. Outbreak Originated in Europe". The New York Times. 8 April 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020.
- ^ "Czech PM: Italians Should Be Banned From Travelling Due to Coronavirus". SchengenVisaInfo.com. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Denmark, Poland and Czechs seal borders over coronavirus". Financial Times. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "EU condemns Trump travel ban from Europe as virus spreads". Associated Press (AP). 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Politicians 'underestimated' virus threat, von der Leyen admits". Euractiv. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ "'Red list' passengers still free to mix with lower risk travellers on planes and at airports". The Independent. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ "'Red list' passengers still free to mix with lower risk travellers on planes and at airports". The Independent. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ "The EU Is Abandoning Italy in Its Hour of Need". Foreign Policy. 14 March 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Italy criticises EU for being slow to help over coronavirus epidemic". The Guardian. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Italy wonders where Europe's solidarity is as coronavirus strains show". Financial Times. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Europe fails to help Italy in coronavirus fight". Politico. 7 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ a b "China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war". Politico. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ Special European Council, 17–21 July 2020 Retrieved 15 November 2020.
- ^ "Digital innovation hubs to the rescue". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ "Coronavirus outbreak: EIB Group's response". EIB.org. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ Bank, European Investment (8 May 2023). Financial Report 2022. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5507-9.
- ^ "Thousands March in Spain on Women's Day Despite Coronavirus Fears". US News. Reuters. 8 March 2020.
- ^ Tremlett, Giles (26 March 2020). "How did Spain get its coronavirus response so wrong?". The Guardian.
- ^ Ward, Alex (20 March 2020). "How Spain's coronavirus outbreak got so bad so fast". Vox.
- ^ "How coronavirus derailed the largest Nato exercise in 25 years". The Spectator. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "NATO scales down exercises due to coronavirus". Reuters. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Thomson, Stephen; Ip, Eric (29 September 2020). "COVID-19 Emergency Measures and the Impending Authoritarian Pandemic". Journal of Law and the Biosciences. 7 (1): lsaa064. doi:10.1093/jlb/lsaa064. PMC 7543595. PMID 33569176. S2CID 222209692.
- ^ Hopkins, Valerie; Hall, Ben (3 April 2020). "Chill descends upon Hungary after Viktor Orban's power-grab". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ Statement on scientific advice to European policy makers concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. Publications Office of the European Union. 2018. ISBN 9789276199212. Retrieved 10 July 2020 – via European Commission – European Commission.
- ^ "'Danger lurks inside': German aerosol experts say Covid restrictions should target indoor areas". thelocal.de. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ^ The impact of the coronavirus crisis on Roma and Travellers
External links
edit
- WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
- Worldwide Coronavirus Map, confirmed Cases – Map the route paths of coronavirus confirmed cases.
- ncov – CSSE – Map of the expansion of the virus in Europe and in the world