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The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968[1] (c. 9) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act to amend sections 1 and 2 of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, and Schedule 1 to that Act, and to make further provision as to Commonwealth citizens landing in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid |
|---|---|
| Citation | 1968 c. 9 |
| Territorial extent | United Kingdom |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 1 March 1968 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Immigration Act 1971 |
| Relates to | Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
The Act
editThe Act amended the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 (that had stripped most citizens of Commonwealth countries of the rights of entry, abode and employment in the United Kingdom), further reducing rights of citizens of the Commonwealth of Nations countries (as of 2024, comprising approximately 2.5 billion people[2]) to migrate to the UK. More importantly, it extended the restrictions of the earlier act to apply to British citizens (termed Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies) so that the Act restricted the future right of entry into that part of the territory of the British Realm that lay within the British Isles (ie., the United Kingdom), previously enjoyed by all Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies, to those born there or who had at least one parent or grandparent born there.[3]
Impact
editIt was introduced amid concerns that up to 200,000 Kenyan Asians, fleeing that country's "Africanization" policy, would take up their right to reside in the UK (ethnic-Indians in British African colonies had been permitted to retain British citizenship to avoid them becoming stateless should they be denied the citizenship of their newly-independent nations - newly independent Uganda would also expel ethnic-Indians). The bill went through parliament in three days, supported by the leadership of both the governing Labour and main opposition Conservative parties, though opposed by some Labour backbenchers, a few Conservatives such as Iain Macleod and Michael Heseltine, and the small parliamentary Liberal Party.[4][5]
Aftermath
editIn the wake of these subsequent reforms of the law on immigration from the Commonwealth to Britain, it became clear that the view of UK Government about immigration was changing. As the states in the British Commonwealth achieved independence, and the idea of a British Empire ceased to be a reality, the Government decided that a more reserved, conservative approach to immigration was necessary. Hundreds of thousands of African, Asian, and Caribbean expectant immigrants arrived by other methods, including through Europe and by methods that did not involve them having immigration visas. The 1968 Act was superseded by the Immigration Act 1971.
When cabinet papers were released under the 30-year rule, they showed that the legislation was intentionally aimed at "coloured immigrants", and that the cabinet had received legal advice that the bill would breach international law. Home Secretary James Callaghan had made the proposal for emergency legislation at a special cabinet committee on 13 February 1968. The minutes noted the bill "might be presented as the government giving way to racial prejudice".[6]
References
edit- ^ a b Short title as conferred by s. 7 of the Act
- ^ "About us". Commonwealth. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
- ^ Warwick, Professor (of Political Science) John (24 September 2007). "Race and the development of Immigration policy during the 20th century". Race and the development of Immigration policy during the 20th century. Professor John Warwick. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
- ^ Mark Lattimer (22 January 1999). "When Labour played the racist card". New Statesman. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Hansen, R. (1999). The Kenyan Asians, British Politics, and the Commonwealth Immigrants Act, 1968. The Historical Journal, 42(3), 809-834
- ^ Lattimer, Mark (22 January 1999). "When Labour played the racist card". New Statesman. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- Category:Commonwealth immigration throughout the 20th century; bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides
Further reading
edit- Collier, J.G. “THE COMMONWEALTH IMMIGRANTS ACT 1968 — A BRITISH OPINION.” Verfassung und Recht in Übersee 2, no. 4 (1969), 457–468.
- Consterdine, Erica, Labour’s Immigration Policy, 1st ed. 2018 (Cham: Springer International Publishing AG, 2017)
- Hansen, Randall. “The Kenyan Asians, British Politics, and the Commonwealth Immigrants Act, 1968.” The Historical Journal, vol. 42, no. 3 (1999), 809–834.
- Hansen, Randall, Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain: The Institutional Origins of a Multicultural Nation (Oxford University Press, 2000)
- Spencer, Ian. British Immigration Policy Since 1939: The Making of Multi Racial Britain (London, 1997).