Clostridium enterotoxins are toxins produced by Clostridium species.[2] Clostridial species are one of the major causes of food poisoning/gastrointestinal illnesses. They are anaerobic,[1] gram-positive, spore-forming rods that occur naturally in the soil.[3] Among the family are: Clostridium botulinum, which produces one of the most potent toxins in existence; Clostridium tetani, causative agent of tetanus; and Clostridium perfringens, commonly found in wound infections and diarrhea cases.[4][5]
| Clostridium enterotoxin | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Crystal Structure of C terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin[1] | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Clenterotox | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF03505 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR003897 | ||||||||
| TCDB | 1.C.59 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The major virulence factor of C. perfringens is the CPE enterotoxin, which is secreted upon invasion of the host gut, and contributes to food poisoning and other gastrointestinal illnesses.[3] It has a molecular weight of 35.3 kDa, and is responsible for the disintegration of tight junctions between epithelial cells in the gut.[6] This mechanism is mediated by host claudin-3 and claudin-4 receptors, situated at the tight junctions.[7]
Clostridium enterotoxin is a nine-stranded beta sheet sandwich in shape. It has been determined that it is very similar to other spore-forming bacteria.[1] The binding site is between beta sheets eight and nine. This allows the human claudin-3,4,6,7,8 and 14 to bind but not 1,2,5, and 10. The way the protein work is it destroys the cell membrane structure of animals by binding to claudin family proteins. These are components of tight junctions of the epithelial cell membrane.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Van Itallie CM, Betts L, Smedley JG, McClane BA, Anderson JM (January 2008). "Structure of the claudin-binding domain of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (1): 268–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M708066200. PMID 17977833.
- ^ Katahira J, Sugiyama H, Inoue N, Horiguchi Y, Matsuda M, Sugimoto N (October 1997). "Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin utilizes two structurally related membrane proteins as functional receptors in vivo". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (42): 26652–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.42.26652. PMID 9334247.
- ^ a b Czeczulin JR, Hanna PC, Mcclane BA (1993). "Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and expression of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene in Escherichia coli". Infect. Immun. 61 (8): 3429–3439. doi:10.1128/iai.61.8.3429-3439.1993. PMC 281020. PMID 8335373.
- ^ "Clostridium - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
- ^ Dong, Min; Masuyer, Geoffrey; Stenmark, Pål (2019-06-20). "Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 88: 811–837. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111654. ISSN 1545-4509. PMC 7539302. PMID 30388027.
- ^ Katahira J, Inoue N, Horiguchi Y, Matsuda M, Sugimoto N (1997). "Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the receptor for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin". J. Cell Biol. 136 (6): 1239–1247. doi:10.1083/jcb.136.6.1239. PMC 2132509. PMID 9087440.
- ^ Long H, Crean CD, Lee WH, Cummings OW, Gabig TG (November 2001). "Expression of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin receptors claudin-3 and claudin-4 in prostate cancer epithelium". Cancer Research. 61 (21): 7878–81. PMID 11691807.