Person-centered therapy (PCT), also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy, is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers and colleagues beginning in the 1940s[1] and extending into the 1980s.[2] Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's actualizing tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment",[3] via acceptance (unconditional positive regard), therapist congruence (genuineness), and empathic understanding.[4][5]
| Person-centered therapy | |
|---|---|
| MeSH | D009629 |
History and influences
editPerson-centered therapy was developed by Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s,[6]: 138 and was brought to public awareness largely through his book Client-centered Therapy, published in 1951.[7] It has been recognized as one of the major types of psychotherapy (theoretical orientations), along with psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, classical Adlerian psychology, cognitive behavioral therapy, existential therapy, and others.[6]: 3 Its underlying theory arose from the results of empirical research; it was the first theory of therapy to be driven by empirical research,[8] with Rogers at pains to reassure other theorists that "the facts are always friendly".[9] Originally called non-directive therapy, it "offered a viable, coherent alternative to Freudian psychotherapy. ... [Rogers] redefined the therapeutic relationship to be different from the Freudian authoritarian pairing."[10]
Person-centered therapy is often described as a humanistic therapy, but its main principles appear to have been established before those of humanistic psychology.[11] Some have argued that "it does not in fact have much in common with the other established humanistic therapies"[12] but, by the mid-1960s, Rogers accepted being categorized with other humanistic (or phenomenological-existential) psychologists in contrast to behavioral and psychoanalytic psychologists.[13] Despite the importance of the self to person-centered theory, the theory is fundamentally organismic and holistic in nature,[14][15] with the individual's unique self-concept at the center of the unique "sum total of the biochemical, physiological, perceptual, cognitive, emotional and interpersonal behavioural subsystems constituting the person".[16]
Rogers coined the term counselling in the 1940s because, at that time, psychologists were not legally permitted to provide psychotherapy in the US. Only medical practitioners were allowed to use the term psychotherapy to describe their work.[17]
Rogers affirmed individual personal experience as the basis and standard for living and therapeutic effect.[6]: 142–143 This emphasis contrasts with the dispassionate position which may be intended in other therapies, particularly the behavioral therapies. Hallmarks of Rogers's person-centered therapy include: living in the present rather than the past or future; organismic trust; naturalistic faith in one's own thoughts and the accuracy in one's feelings; a responsible acknowledgment of one's freedom; and a view toward participating fully in our world and contributing to other peoples' lives.[citation needed] Rogers also claimed that the therapeutic process is, in essence, composed of the accomplishments made by the client. The client, having already progressed further along in their growth and maturation development, only progresses further with the aid of a psychologically favored environment.[18]
Although client-centered therapy has been criticized by behaviorists for lacking structure and by psychoanalysts for actually providing a conditional relationship,[6] it has been shown to be an effective[clarification needed] treatment.[19][20][21][22]
The necessary and sufficient conditions
editRogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change:[6]: 142–143
- Therapist–client psychological contact: A relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important.
- Client incongruence: Incongruence (as defined by Carl Rogers; "a lack of alignment between the real self and the ideal self") exists between the client's experience and awareness.
- Therapist congruence, or genuineness: The therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship; the therapist is deeply involved—they are not "acting"—and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship.
- Therapist unconditional positive regard: The therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval, or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their view of self-worth was distorted or denied.
- Therapist empathic understanding: The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the part of the therapist helps the client believe the therapist's unconditional regard for them.
- Client perception: The client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapist's unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.
The three conditions specific to the therapist/counselor came to be called the core conditions of PCT: therapist congruence, unconditional positive regard or acceptance, and accurate empathic understanding.[5][23][24] There is a large body of publications of empirical research on these conditions.[23]
Processes
editRogers believed that a therapist who embodies the three critical and reflexive attitudes (the three core conditions) will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgement. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their client's way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external referencing.[25] Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, but believed that the answers to the clients' questions were within the client and not the therapist. Accordingly, the therapist's role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the client could discover the answers for themselves.[26]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Rogers, Carl R. (1942). Counseling and psychotherapy: newer concepts in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-1406760873. OCLC 165705.
- ^ Rogers, Carl R.; Sanford, R. C. (1985). "Client-centered psychotherapy". Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. By I., Kaplan, Harold; J., Sadock, Benjamin. Vol. 2. Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1374–1388. ISBN 9780683045116. OCLC 491903721.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Yalom, Irvin D. (1995). Introduction. A way of being. By Rogers, Carl R. Houghton Mifflin Co. p. xi. ISBN 9780395755303. OCLC 464424214.
- ^ Rogers 1957.
- ^ a b Rogers, Carl R. (1966). "Client-centered therapy". In Arieti, S. (ed.). American handbook of psychiatry. Vol. 3. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 183–200. OCLC 2565173.
- ^ a b c d e Prochaska, James O.; Norcross, John C. (2007). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0495007777. OCLC 71366401.
- ^ Rogers 1951.
- ^ Wilkins, P. (2016). Person-centred therapy: 100 key points and techniques. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. p. 27.
- ^ Rogers 1961, p. 25.
- ^ Woolfolk, R. L. (2015) The value of psychotherapy: the talking cure in an age of clinical science. London: Guilford. p. 28.
- ^ Merry, T. (1998). "Client-centred therapy: origins and influences". Person-Centred Practice 6(2), pp. 96–103.
- ^ Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (2000). Person-centred therapy today: new frontiers in theory and practice. London: Sage. p. 27.
- ^ Rogers, Carl R. (April 1963). "Toward a science of the person". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 3 (2): 72–92. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.994.8868. doi:10.1177/002216786300300208. S2CID 143631103.
I share with Maslow and others the view that there are three broad emphases in American psychology. These resemble three ocean currents flowing side-by-side, mingling, with no clear line of demarcation, yet definitely different none the less. ... And though I consider myself a part of this third trend, I am not attempting to speak for it. It is too diversified, its boundaries too vague, for me to endeavor to be a spokesman. Rather, as a member of this group, I shall be concerned with the meaning that this current has in modern psychological life as I perceive it.
- ^ Wilkins, P. (ed.) (2016). Person-centred and experiential therapies: contemporary approaches and issues in practice. London: Sage. p. 34.
- ^ Tudor, K. and Worrall, M. (2006). Person-centred therapy: a clinical philosophy. London: Routledge. pp. 45–84.
- ^ Wilkins, P. (2016). Person-centred therapy: 100 key points and techniques. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. p. 12.
- ^ Joseph, S. (2010). Theories of counselling and psychotherapy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8.
- ^ Rogers, Carl (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. Cambridge Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.
- ^ Cooper, M., Watson, J. C., & Hoeldampf, D. (2010). Person-centered and experiential therapies work: A review of the research on counseling, psychotherapy and related practices. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.
- ^ Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Bower, P.; Sibbald, B.; Farrelly, S.; Gabbay, M.; Tarrier, N.; Addington-Hall, J. (2000). "Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: Clinical effectiveness". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1383–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1383. PMC 27542. PMID 11099284.
- ^ Bower, P.; Byford, S.; Sibbald, B.; Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Gabbay, M. (2000). "Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. II: Cost effectiveness". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1389–92. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1389. PMC 27543. PMID 11099285.
- ^ Shechtman, Zipora; Pastor, Ronit (2005). "Cognitive-Behavioral and Humanistic Group Treatment for Children with Learning Disabilities: A Comparison of Outcomes and Process". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 52 (3): 322–336. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.322.
- ^ a b Kirschenbaum, Howard; Jourdan, April (2005). "The current status of Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 42 (1): 37–51. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.37.
- ^ Yao, Lucy; Kabir, Rian (February 9, 2023). "Person-Centered Therapy (Rogerian Therapy)". U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf. PMID 36944012. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
- ^ "Person-centered therapy" on the Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders website
- ^ Rogers, Carl Ransom; Lyon, Harold C.; Tausch, Reinhard (2013). On Becoming an Effective Teacher: Person-centred Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4.
Bibliography
edit- Arnold, Kyle (2014). "Behind the mirror: reflective listening and its tain in the work of Carl Rogers". The Humanistic Psychologist. 42 (4): 354–369. doi:10.1080/08873267.2014.913247.
- Bruno, Frank Joe (1977). "Client-centered counseling: becoming a person". Human adjustment and personal growth: seven pathways. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 362–370. ISBN 9780471114352. OCLC 2614322.
- Cooper, Mick; O'Hara, Maureen; Schmid, Peter F.; Wyatt, Gill, eds. (2013) [2007]. The handbook of person-centred psychotherapy and counselling (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230280496. OCLC 937523949.
- Rogers, Carl R. (1951). Client-centered therapy, its current practice, implications, and theory. The Houghton Mifflin psychological series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2571303.
- Rogers, Carl R. (1957). "The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change". Journal of Consulting Psychology. 21 (2): 95–103. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.605.9768. doi:10.1037/h0045357. PMID 13416422.
- Rogers, Carl R. (1959). "A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework". In Koch, Sigmund (ed.). Psychology: a study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 184-256. OCLC 3731949.
- Rogers, Carl R. (1961). On becoming a person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395081341. OCLC 172718.
- Rogers, Carl R. (1980). A way of being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395299159. OCLC 6602382.
- Rogers, Carl R.; Lyon, Harold C.; Tausch, Reinhard (2013). On becoming an effective teacher: person-centered teaching, psychology, philosophy, and dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415816977. OCLC 820119514.