The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA) reformed the civil service of the United States federal government, partly in response to the Watergate scandal (1972-74). The Act abolished the U.S. Civil Service Commission and distributed its functions primarily among three new agencies: the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), and the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA).[1]
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| Long title | An Act to reform the civil service laws. |
|---|---|
| Enacted by | the 95th United States Congress |
| Effective | October 13, 1978 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 95-454 |
| Statutes at Large | 92 Stat. 1111 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | Title 5—Government Organization and Employees |
| U.S.C. sections created | 5 U.S.C. ch. 11 |
| Legislative history | |
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| United States Supreme Court cases | |
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History
editThe original legislation allowing federal employees to organize together and protect rights was the Lloyd–La Follette Act in 1912. However this act only allowed for employees to unionize together and petition the government, but gave them no real bargaining power. The Act was amended by both President John F. Kennedy (Executive Order 10988) and President Richard Nixon (Executive Order 11491), but neither executive orders truly fixed the problems with the original act. By the time President Jimmy Carter took office in 1977, the Lloyd-LaFollette Act was perceived as entirely obsolete and forced the necessity of legislative reform.[2] With the American public wary of the organization of government following Watergate and the OPEC embargo, Carter's time in office coincided with a period in which bureaucratic organization was open to "reexamination". Carter ran his campaign promising to "strengthen presidential control over federal services", and once in office created the CSRA. Carter intended for the act to create more bureaucratic officials involved with policy making (rather than administration) and that were more closely politically controlled by the presidency.[3] The CSRA arose from a growing wariness of the United States Government by the general American population. Preceding the Act in 1978 was nearly a decade of major blunders committed by the White House. In short, the federal government had "widely over-promised and woefully underperformed". Incidents like the Watergate scandal coupled with the consensus public opinion of the Vietnam War being a complete failure led the push for reform.[4] The CSRA sought to fix common problems across the public sector such as eliminating manipulation of the merit system without inhibiting the entire structure, how to both invest authority in managers while simultaneously protecting employee from said authority, limit unnecessary or excessive spending, and make the federal work force mirror the American people more closely.[5]
Drafting process
editThe CSRA was the first federally passed comprehensive civil service reform since the Pendleton Act of 1883. Leading up to the passing of the CSRA, the federal government grew in both size and complexity, causing the public to question the government’s cost and blame policy failures on the bureaucrats.[6]
In March, President Jimmy Carter sent a proposal to Congress to bring about civil service reform in order to “bring efficiency and accountability to the Federal Government.” Congress spent 7 months forming and enacting the legislation and in August 1978, Congress approved the plan that restructured federal personnel management.[7]
Description
editThe Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 created rules and procedures for federal civilian employees. There were two parts to the reform; The Reorganization Plan and the Civil Service Reform Act. The Reorganization Plan divided the Civil Service Commission (CSC) into the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). Additionally, the Federal Labor Regulations Authority (FLRA) was created.
The agency responsibilities are:
- OPM provides management guidance to agencies of the executive branch and issues regulations that control federal human resources.
- The MSPB conducts studies of the federal civil service and hears appeals of federal employees who have been disciplined or otherwise separated from their positions. Personnel actions which discriminate among employees based on marital status, political activity, or political affiliation are prohibited by the CSRA. Federal employees may file complaints regarding possible violations of this rule with the Office of Special Counsel, which was created as a subunit of the MSPB.
- FLRA oversees the rights of federal employees to form collective bargaining units (unions) to bargain with agencies. The CSRA imposes standards on the officers of those unions which are enforced by the Office of Labor-Management Standards in the U.S. Department of Labor.
In addition to the creation of new agencies, a new grade classification for the government’s top managers was created - the Senior Executive Service (SES). These managers were strategically positioned throughout the government and were rewarded via bonuses based on merit. Middle managers were now paid and rewarded based on evaluations and merit only. The act also created processes for firing employees found to be incompetent and provided protection for "whistleblowers".[8]
Effects
editThe CSRA was one of the largest reforms in Federal personnel regulations since the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and is one of the Carter Administration's major domestic achievements. However, the long lasting effects and the legacy of the CSRA are widely disputed. Some claim that the CSRA has accomplished virtually nothing. Others claim that the CSRA has accomplished quite a bit. On one side of the argument, it is claimed that the CSRA has not affected unequal hiring methods, has not formed a division of experienced administrators that it was supposed to, and has been ignored by certain agencies.[9] Others claim that the CSRA was a pervasive attempt to reform and restrain a large government bureaucracy in the United States.[10] On the other side of the argument, it is claimed that many provisions in the CSRA have spread globally and that the CSRA has had a serious impact on public administration systems all over the world.[11] It is also claimed that the CSRA has incorporated “long-lasting strategies based on improved responsiveness and competitiveness of federal employees" and that the CSRA has moderately improved employee attitudes in the workplace.[12]
See also
edit- Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute (Title VII of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978)
Sources
edit- Barnes, Robert (2012-06-11). "Fired federal employees have limited route for challenging dismissals". The Washington Post.
- Pfiffner, James P.; Brook, Douglas A. (2000). The Future of Merit: Twenty Years After the Civil Service Reform Act. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 0-8018-6465-8.
- Foster, Gregory D. (1979). "The 1978 Civil Service Reform Act: Post-Mortem or Rebirth?". Public Administration Review. 39 (1): 78–86. doi:10.2307/3110383.
- "The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform" by: P. W. Ingraham and D. H. Rosenbloom
- "Bureaucratic Response to Civil Service Reform" by: Naomi Lynn and Richard E. Vaden
References
edit- ^ United States. Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Pub. L. 95–454 92 Stat. 1111 Approved October 13, 1978.
- ^ Coleman, Charles (1980). "The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978: Its Meaning and Its Roots". Labor Law Journal. 31 (4): 200–07.
- ^ Schultz, David (1998). Politics of Civil Service Reform. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 0820433799.
- ^ Sundquist, James L. (1979). "Jimmy Carter as public administrator: An appraisal at mid-term". Public Administration Review. 39 (1): 3–11. doi:10.2307/3110370. JSTOR 3110370.
- ^ Campbell, Alan K. (1978). "Civil service reform: A new commitment". Public Administration Review. 39 (2): 99–103. doi:10.2307/976281. JSTOR 976281.
- ^ Coggburn, Jarrell (2003). Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy. p. 197.
- ^ "Jimmy Carter: Civil Service Reform Act of 1978; Statement on signing S. 2640 into law". 1978.
- ^ Knudsen, Steven; Jakus, Larry; Metz, Maida (1979). "The civil service reform act of 1978". Public Personnel Management. 8 (3): 170–181. doi:10.1177/009102607900800306. S2CID 168751164.
- ^ Clymer, Adam (1982-05-03). "Political Scientists See Little Impact of 1978 Civil Service Law". The New York Times.
- ^ Ingraham, Patricia W. (1984). Legislating Bureaucratic Change: Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873958851.
- ^ Lah, T. J.; Perry, James L. (2008-06-11). "The Diffusion of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 in OECD Countries: A Tale of Two Paths to Reform". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 28: 282–99. doi:10.1177/0734371X08319950. ISSN 0734-371X. S2CID 154359586.
- ^ Lee, Haksoo; Cayer, N. Joseph; Lan, G. Zhiyong (2006). "Changing Federal Government Employee Attitudes Since the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978". Review of Public Personnel Administration. 26 (1): 21–51. doi:10.1177/0734371X05276936. ISSN 0734-371X. S2CID 155000699.