Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
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The Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests in Western and Southern India, containing large protected areas of natural tiger habitat.
| Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests | |
|---|---|
 Nallamalla forests at Srisailam | |
 Ecoregion territory (in purple) | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Indomalayan |
| Biome | tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests |
| Borders | |
| Geography | |
| Area | 239,376 km2 (92,424 sq mi) |
| Country | India |
| States | |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | critical/endangered |
| Protected | 9,742 km2 (4%)[1] |
Distribution
editThe Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau in southern India, bounded by the Western Ghats range to the west, the Eastern Ghats to the east, and the western Satpura Range to the north. The Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests occupy an area of 240,200 square kilometers (92,700 sq mi), in which the dominant natural habitat is or was woodland of Hardwickia binata and Albizia amara trees, located on the central and southern portion of the plateau. The ecoregion lies mostly within the states of Maharashtra and Telangana, extending into adjacent parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh. In Maharashtra, the Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests cover most of the Vidarbha region, including the city of Nagpur. In Telangana, the dry deciduous forests cover much of the state, including Hyderabad, the state capital, with a small portion extending across the Eastern Ghats to the Bay of Bengal in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh.[2]
Typically the plateau extends from the Konkan Deccan divide north of Pune to the Krishna river in Telangana. Majority of the geology of the region is of Basaltic rocks which harbor a very different drainage pattern and different forest cover with an average mature tree height of over 10 metres (33 ft), while the granitoid region that is primarily affluent across Telangana and parts of Karnataka covers scrub jungle with an average tree height of around 5 metres (16 ft). A small part of Nallamala hill range that encompass the Amrabad Tiger Reserve and Srisailam Tiger Reserves are sedimentary rock scapes with dry thick vegetation and added to the ecoregion. All three forests have many uniquely different landscapes, easily visible, within this unique ecoregion. For example in the granitoid region, tigers, jackals, wild dogs and wolves are all extinct, while the peninsular rock agama is only found here.
The xeric Deccan thorn scrub forests lie to the west, south, and southeast, covering the drier portions of the plateau in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats. The more humid Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests lie to the northeast and east, while the Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests lie across the Satpuras to the northwest.
The Godavari River crosses the ecoregion from its source in the Western Ghats and indeed most of the rivers on the plateau drain east towards the Bay of Bengal, with the exception of the Tapti River in the northwestern corner of the plateau, which drains westward into the Arabian Sea.
This is a highly populated area and most of the natural forest in the ecoregion has been cleared for firewood or grazing land or as a result of river damming, all of which are ongoing. However large blocks of original habitat such as the Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh do remain.
Flora
editWoodlands of Hardwickia binata and Albizia amara are the characteristic plant community of this ecoregion, distinguishing it from the predominantly teak (Tectona grandis) or sal (Shorea robusta) woodlands found elsewhere in the Deccan. The Central Deccan forests have an upper canopy at 15–25 metres (49–82 ft), and an understory at 10–15 metres (33–49 ft), with little undergrowth.[3] The Hardwickia trees lose their leaves during the winter dry season, and leaf out again in April.[4]
Other tree species in the northern part of the ecoregion include:[3]
Fauna
edit
The large areas of remaining forest on the plateau are still home to a variety of grazing animals from the four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), chinkara (Gazella bennettii), and blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) to the large gaur and wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee).
Large carnivores include:
- Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris)
- the dhole (wild dog, Cuon alpinus)
- the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)
The area is home to nearly ninety mammal species. Some of the larger species mentioned above are rare, as is the threatened Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica). The 300 species of birds include the globally threatened Jerdon's courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus), which was rediscovered in 1986 having been thought extinct for nearly a hundred years. Other birds include bush quails (genus Perdicula), white-browed fantail and painted spurfowl.
Conservation
editAbout 80 percent of the natural habitat in the ecoregion has been lost. Several blocks of habitat larger than 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) remain. Fifteen protected areas cover almost three percent of the ecoregion's area, with Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve the largest.[3]
| Name | Area in km2 (sq mi) | District(s) | State(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bor Wildlife Sanctuary | 80 (31) | Wardha | Maharashtra |
| Chaprala Wildlife Sanctuary | 130 (50) | Gadchiroli | |
| Gautala Autramghat Sanctuary | 260 (100) | Aurangabad; Jalgaon | |
| Katepurna Wildlife Sanctuary | 420 (160) | Akola | |
| Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary | 150 (58) | Bhandara; Gondia | |
| Navegaon National Park | 170 (66) | Gondia | |
| Painganga Wildlife Sanctuary | 130 (50) | Yavatmal | |
| Pench National Park | 440 (170) | Seoni; Chhindwara | Madhya Pradesh |
| Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary | 120 (46) | Kurnool; Prakasam | Andhra Pradesh |
| Kolleru Wildlife Sanctuary[a] | 220 (85) | ||
| Kawal Tiger Reserve | 160 (62) | Komaram Bheem Asifabad | Telangana |
| Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary | 30 (12) | Medak district | |
| Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary | 120 (46) | Medak district | |
| Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve | 3,721 (1,437)[b] | Telangana | |
| Andhra Pradesh |
- ^ Lies partly in the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests ecoregion
- ^ There is an additional muti-use buffer zone of 2,216 km2 (856 sq mi), giving an overall land area for the reserve of 5,837 km2 (2,254 sq mi).[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; et al. (June 2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. PMC 5451287.
- ^ "Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ a b c Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC. pp. 324-326
- ^ "Hardwickia binata". Agroforestry Database 4.0, Orwa et al.2009. Accessed 18 July 2014
- ^ National Tiger Conservation Authority: 'Project Tiger' (n.d.), Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve briefing note (PDF), Government of India; Ministry of the Environment, Forests and Climate Change, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2021
External links
edit- "Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.