Falcarinol (also known as carotatoxin or panaxynol) is a natural pesticide and fatty alcohol found in carrots (Daucus carota), Panax ginseng and ivy. In carrots, it occurs in a concentration of approximately 2 mg/kg.[1][2] As a toxin, it protects roots from fungal diseases, such as liquorice rot that causes black spots on the roots during storage. The compound requires the freezing condition to maintain well because it is sensitive to light and heat.
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
(3S,9Z)-Heptadeca-1,9-diene-4,6-diyn-3-ol
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| Other names
Carotatoxin, panaxynol
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C17H24O | |
| Molar mass | 244.378 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemistry
editFalcarinol is a polyyne with two carbon-carbon triple bonds and two double bonds.[3] The double bond at the carbon 9 position has cis stereochemistry was introduced by the desaturation, which requires oxygen and NADPH (or NADH) cofactors and creates a bend in the molecule. It is structurally related to oenanthotoxin and cicutoxin.
Biological effects
editFalcarinol is an intense irritant that can cause allergic reactions and contact dermatitis.[4] It was shown that falcarinol acts as a covalent cannabinoid receptor type 1 inverse agonist and blocks the effect of anandamide in keratinocytes, leading to pro-allergic effects in human skin.[5] Normal consumption of carrots has no toxic effect in humans.[6]
Biosynthesis
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Starting with oleic acid (1), which possesses a cis double bond at the carbon 9 position from desaturation and a bound of phospholipids (-PL), a bifunctional desaturase/acetylnase system occurred with oxygen (a) to introduce the second cis double bond at the carbon 12 position to form linoleic acid (2). This step was then repeated to turn the cis double bond at the carbon 12 position into a triple bond (also called acetylenic bond) to form crepenynic acid (3). Crepenynic acid was reacted with oxygen (b) to form a second cis double bond at the carbon 14 position (conjugated position) leading to the formation of dehydrocrepenynic acid (4). Allylic isomerization (c) was responsible for the changes from the cis double bond at the carbon 14 position into the triple bond (5) and formation of the more favored trans (E) double bond at the carbon 17 position (6). Finally, after forming the intermediate (7) by decarboxylation (d), falcarinol (8) was produced by hydroxylation (e) at the carbon 16 position that introduced the (R)-configuration to the system.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Crosbya, D. G.; Aharonson, N. (1967). "The Structure of Carotatoxin, a Natural Toxicant From Carrot". Tetrahedron. 23 (1): 465–472. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)83330-5.
- ^ Badui (1988). Diccionario de Tecnología de Alimentos. D. F. Mexico: Alhambra Mexicana. ISBN 968-444-071-5.
- ^ S. G. Yates; R. E. England (1982). "Isolation and analysis of carrot constituents: myristicin, falcarinol, and falcarindiol". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 30 (2): 317–320. doi:10.1021/jf00110a025.
- ^ S. Machado; E. Silva; A. Massa (2002). "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from falcarinol". Contact Dermatitis. 47 (2): 109–125. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470210_5.x.
- ^ M. Leonti; S. Raduner; L. Casu; F. Cottiglia; C. Floris; KH. Altmann; J. Gertsch (2010). "Falcarinol is a covalent cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist and induces pro-allergic effects in skin". Biochemical Pharmacology. 79 (12): 1815–1826. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2010.02.015. PMID 20206138.
- ^ Deshpande (2002). Handbook of Food Toxicology. Hyderabad, India: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-0760-6.
- ^ Dewick, Paul (2009). Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 42–53. ISBN 978-0-470-74168-9.