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Pygmy right whale

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The pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) is a species of baleen whale. It may be a member of the cetotheres,[5] a family of baleen whales which until 2012 were thought to be extinct; C. marginata has otherwise been considered the sole member of the family Neobalaenidae[6] and is the only member of the genus Caperea. First described by John Edward Gray in 1846, it is the smallest of the baleen whales, ranging between 6 and 6.5 metres (20 and 21 ft) in length and 3,000 and 3,500 kilograms (6,610 and 7,720 lb) in mass. Despite its name, the pygmy right whale may have more in common with the gray whale and rorquals than the bowhead and right whales.[6]

Pygmy right whale[1]
Temporal range: 6.2–0 Ma Late Miocene – Recent[2]
Pygmy right whale off the coast of southern Australia
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[4]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Cetotheriidae
Subfamily: Neobalaeninae
(Gray, 1873)
Genus: Caperea
Gray, 1864
Species:
C. marginata
Binomial name
Caperea marginata
(Gray, 1846)
Pygmy right whale range

The pygmy right whale is found in temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, and feeds on copepods and euphausiids. Little is known about its population or social habits. Unlike most other baleen whales, it has rarely been subject to exploitation.

Taxonomy

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Skull at the National Museum of Natural History, France

During the 1839-43 voyage of James Clark Ross, naturalists found bones and baleen plates resembling a smaller version of the right whale. In his Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror (1846), John Edward Gray described the new species, naming it Balaena marginata. In 1864, Gray established a new genus (Caperea) after receiving a skull and some bones of another specimen. Six years later, in 1870, he added the name Neobalaena. He soon realized the three species were one and the same: Caperea marginata[7] (caperea means "wrinkle" in Latin, "referring to the wrinkled appearance of the ear bone"; while marginata translates to "enclosed with a border", which "refers to the dark border around the baleen plates of some individuals").[8] In research findings published on December 18, 2012, paleontologist Felix Marx compared the skull bones of pygmy right whales to those of extinct cetaceans, finding it to be a close relative to the Cetotheriidae, making the pygmy right whale a living fossil.[5][9] A 2023 study using genomic DNA confirmed that pygmy right whales are more closely related to rorquals than to balaenid right whales, consistent with a close relationship with the cetotheres.[10]

In 2012, Italian palaeontologist Michelangelo Bisconti described Miocaperea pulchra, a first fossil pygmy right whale from Peru. This new genus differs from the living genus in some cranial details, but Bisconti's study confirmed the monophyly of the Neobalaenidae and he concluded that the rorqual-like features in C. marginata must be the result of parallel evolution. The presence of a fossil neobalaenid some 2,000 km (1,200 mi) north of the known range of C. marginata, suggests that environmental change has caused a southern shift in neobalaenid distribution.[11] A second, undescribed species was tentatively assigned to Neobalaenidae in 2012.[12] A fossil from the Messinian age (Late Miocene) about 6.2 to 5.4 million years ago has been identified as Caperea sp. in 2018.[2]

Description

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Artist's impression of a pygmy right whale

The pygmy right whale is rarely encountered and consequently little studied. However, it is known that it is by far the smallest of the baleen whales. Calves are estimated to be about 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) to 2.2 metres (7 ft 3 in) at birth[13] (an approximately 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) fetus was reported from a 6 metres (20 ft) female that had stranded in Perkins Bay, Tasmania, in 1982[14]). By the time they are weaned, they may be about 3 to 3.5 metres (9.8 to 11.5 ft) long. It is believed they become sexually mature at about 5 metres (16 ft) and physically mature at about 6 metres (20 ft).[6] The longest male registered, was a 6.1 metres (20 ft) individual which had stranded in Cloudy Bay, Tasmania,[15] while the longest female was a 6.45 metres (21.2 ft) individual which had stranded in Stanley, Tasmania in 1981.[14] Pygmy right whales can weigh as much as 3,430 kilograms (7,560 lb).[6] A 6.21 metres (20.4 ft) female weighed 3,200 kilograms (7,100 lb) and a 5.47 metres (17.9 ft) male weighed 2,850 kilograms (6,280 lb).[16] Gestation and lactation periods and longevity are all unknown. Part of the reason for the scarcity of data may be the relative inactivity of the whale, making location for study difficult. The blow is small and indistinct and the whale is usually a slow undulating swimmer, although capable of bursts of acceleration.[citation needed]

The coloring and shape of the pygmy right whale, dark gray dorsally and lighter gray ventrally, commonly with a pair of chevron-shaped lighter patches behind the eyes, is similar to that of the dwarf minke and Antarctic minke whales and at sea the species may easily be confused with these two species, in case the jaw and flippers are not carefully observed. The arched jawline is not as pronounced as other right whales and may not be sufficient to distinguish a pygmy right whale from a minke whale. The long, narrow cream-coloured baleen plates with a distinctive white gumline are the most effective discriminators. Unlike true right whales, pygmy rights do not have callosities. The dorsal fin is falcate (crescent-shaped) and located about three-quarters of the way along the back of the animal. Unlike the minke whales, occasionally the dorsal will not be seen on the whale surfacing. Like the minkes, though, it doesn't raise its flukes when it dives.[citation needed]

The skull and skeleton of the pygmy right whale is unlike those of any other extant whale: the supraoccipital shield extends farther posteriorly; the ear bone has a lateral wrinkle and is roughly square in outline. All seven cervical vertebrae are fused, and the pygmy right has only 44 vertebrae. The 18 pairs of ribs are broad and flat, and make up 39–45% of the vertebral column (compared to 33% in other mysticetes).[6][17] Each thoracic vertebrae has a pair of huge wing-like transverse processes, many of which overlap. The dorsal end of the ribs are remarkably thin and almost fail to make contact with the transverse processes. The reduced tail (or sacrocaudal region) features a vestigial pelvis and small chevron bones.[18] The flippers have four digits. The lungs and heart are relatively small, which suggests that the pygmy right whale is not a deep diver. The larynx is reported to be different from any other cetacean.[6]

Like other mysticetes, the pygmy right whale has a large laryngeal sac, but in contrast to other mysticetes, this sac is positioned on the right side of the midline in the pygmy right. The presence of this laryngeal sac can possibly be the explanation for the long thorax and flattened ribs, but the peculiar ribs have led to multiple speculations as to their origin.[17]

Behavior and ecology

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Analysis of the stomach contents of dead pygmy right whales indicates that it feeds on copepods and euphausiids (krill). The social and mating structures are unknown. The whale is typically seen alone or in pairs, sometimes associated with other cetaceans (including dolphins, pilot whales, minke whales, and once a sei whale cow and calf).[6][13][19] Occasionally larger groups are seen — in 2001 a group of 14 were seen at 46°S in the South Pacific about 450 km southeast of New Zealand, while in 1992 a group of about 80 individuals were seen 320 nautical miles (590 km) southwest of Cape Leeuwin[3] and another group of over 100 individuals were sighted in June 2007 about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Portland, Victoria.[20][21]

The flukes, blubber, and baleen plates of a pygmy right whale calf were found in a 7.47 m (24.5 ft) killer whale caught by whalers off South Africa.[22]

Population and distribution

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The pygmy right whale is among the least studied cetaceans; until 2008, fewer than 25 sightings of the species had been made at sea.[6] The species lives in the Southern Hemisphere and is believed to be circumpolar, living in a band from about 30°S to 55°S[3] in areas with surface water temperatures between 5 and 20 °C (41 and 68 °F).[19] Individuals have been found on the coasts of Chile,[23] Tierra del Fuego, Namibia, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. One group may be a year-round resident off Tasmania.[19] The total population is unknown.

There is an extralimital stranding record in the Northern Hemisphere.[24]

Whaling and whale-watching

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On account of its relatively small size and sparse distribution, the pygmy right whale has rarely been taken by whalers. A 3.39 metres (11.1 ft) male was taken off South Africa in 1917,[25] and a couple were caught for scientific purposes by Soviet whalers in the South Atlantic in 1970.[26] Also a few pygmy right whales are known to have been caught in fishing nets. These factors are not believed to have had a significant impact on the population.

Most data about pygmy right whales come from individual specimens washed up on coastlines; they are rarely encountered at sea and so they are not the primary subject of any whale watching cruises.

Conservation

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The pygmy right whale is listed on Appendix II [27] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II,[27] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

The pygmy right whale is also covered by Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).[28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Marx, Felix G.; Park, Travis; Fitzgerald, Erich M.G.; Evans, Alistair R. (2018). "A Miocene pygmy right whale fossil from Australia". PeerJ. 6: e5025. doi:10.7717/peerj.5025. PMC 6016540. PMID 29942692.
  3. ^ a b c Cooke, J.G. (2018). "Caperea marginata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T3778A50351626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3778A50351626.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  4. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  5. ^ a b Fordyce, R. E.; Marx, F. G. (2013). "The pygmy right whale Caperea marginata: the last of the cetotheres". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1753): 1–6. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2645. PMC 3574355. PMID 23256199.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Kemper, Catherine (2008). "Pygmy Right Whale". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 939–41.
  7. ^ Cousteau, Jacques, Whales (1986), p. 70.
  8. ^ Reeves, Randall, Guide to Marine Mammals of the World (2002), p. 202.
  9. ^ "'Extinct' whale found: Odd-looking pygmy whale traced back 2 million years". CSMonitor.com. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  10. ^ Dutoit, L.; Mitchell, K.J.; et al. (July 2023). "Convergent evolution of skim feeding in baleen whales". Marine Mammal Science. 39 (4): 1337–1343. doi:10.1111/mms.13047.
  11. ^ Bisconti, M. (2012). "Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 166 (4): 876–911. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00862.x.
  12. ^ Fitzgerald, Erich M. G. (2012). "Possible neobalaenid from the Miocene of Australia implies a long evolutionary history for the pygmy right whale Caperea marginata (Cetacea, Mysticeti)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (4): 976–980. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.669803. S2CID 83784488.
  13. ^ a b Klinowska, M. (1991). Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Cambridge, U.K.: IUCN.
  14. ^ a b Munday, B. L.; Green, R. H.; Obendorf, D. L. (1982). "A pygmy right whale Caperea marginata (Grey, 1846) stranded at Stanley, Tasmania". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 116: 1–4. doi:10.26749/rstpp.116.1.
  15. ^ Mead, James G. and Joy P. Gold (2002). Whales and Dolphins In Question: the Smithsonian Answer Book. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  16. ^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  17. ^ a b Naish, Dairen (October 2010). "Pouches, pockets and sacs in the heads, necks and chests of mammals, part III: baleen whales". Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  18. ^ Naish, Darren (October 2010). "Did I mention that Caperea is really, really weird?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 150 (4): 875–894. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00313.x. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  19. ^ a b c Shirihai, H. & Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-69112757-6.
  20. ^ Ford, John K. B.; Reeves, Randall R. (2010). "Caperea Alive!". Mammal Review. 38: 50–86. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.573.6671. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00118.x. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  21. ^ Gill, P. C.; Kemper, C. M.; Talbot, M.; Lydon, S. A. (2008). "Large group of pygmy right whales seen in a shelf upwelling region off Victoria, Australia". Marine Mammal Science. 24 (4): 962–968. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00220.x.
  22. ^ Best, P.B., A. Meyer, and C. Lockyer. 2010. "Killer whales in South African waters – a review of their biology". African Journal of Marine Science 32:171-186.
  23. ^ Cabrera, E.; Carlson, C.; Galletti, V.M.B.; Cardenas, J.C.; Brownell Jr., R.L. (2005). A pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) from Chiloe Island, Chile. SC/57/O20.
  24. ^ Tsai, Cheng-Hsiu; Mead, James G. (2018). "Crossing the equator: a northern occurrence of the pygmy right whale". Zoological Letters. 4 (30): 30. doi:10.1186/s40851-018-0117-8. PMC 6296048. PMID 30574356.
  25. ^ Best, P. B.; Ross, G. J. (1986). "Catches of right whales from shore-based establishments in southern Africa, 1792-1975". Reports of the International Whaling Commission. 10: 275–289.
  26. ^ Cousteau, J. T. and Y. Paccalet. 1988. Whales. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, p. 169.
  27. ^ a b "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
  28. ^ "CMS Pacific Cetaceans MOU for Cetaceans and their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region".

Further reading

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