The Anti-terrorism Act (French: Loi antiterroriste)[2] is an Act passed by the Parliament of Canada in response to the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States. It received Royal Assent on December 18, 2001, as Bill C-36 of the 37th Canadian Parliament. The "omnibus bill"[citation needed] extended the powers of government and institutions within the Canadian security establishment to respond to the threat of terrorism.
| Anti-terrorism Act | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 37th Canadian Parliament | |
| |
| Citation | S.C. 2001, c. 41[1] |
| Enacted by | 37th Canadian Parliament |
| Assented to | December 18, 2001 |
The expanded powers were highly controversial due to widely perceived incompatibility with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,[3] in particular for the Act's provisions allowing for 'secret' trials, preemptive detention and expansive security and surveillance powers.[4] This Act enables the List of Terrorist Entities under its section 83.05.[5]
History
editIt was opposed by Parliamentarians Marjory LeBreton and Andrew Telegdi, amongst others.[6]
Some of the bill's provisions were set to expire on March 1, 2007. The Harper government urged that these be renewed, while all three opposition parties were opposed. Specifically, the provisions had to do with preventative arrest and investigative hearings. On February 28, 2007, the House of Commons voted 159–124 against renewing the provisions, which later led to their expiry, as originally planned in the sunset clause.[citation needed]
In January 2010, Zakaria Amara, from Mississauga, a suspect in the 2006 Toronto terrorism case, was sentenced to imprisonment for life. This sentence was the stiffest given so far under the Act. Saad Gaya from Oakville, a fellow suspect in the same case, was sentenced to 12 years in prison.[7]
In 2012, the Government of Canada introduced in the Senate of Canada Bill S-7, the Combating Terrorism Act, which was to renew the expired provisions for a new five-year term, and introduced new crimes for leaving Canada to join or train with a terror group.[8] The bill also increased the maximum prison sentences for some offences related to harbouring suspected terrorists. On April 19, just after the Boston Marathon bombing, the government rearranged the Parliamentary agenda to fast-track Bill S-7 to a vote on April 22 or 23, 2013.[9] The Act received royal assent on April 25, 2013.[1]
On the first anniversary of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel in a speech to a Jewish group, opposition leader Pierre Poilievre called upon the federal government to list western Yemen’s Houthi movement as a terrorist organization in Canada, according to section 83.05 of the Act.[5]
Reactions
editThe Act's passage has been compared to the government's activation of the War Measures Act in accordance to terrorist activity by the FLQ.[10][11][12]
Criminal defense lawyer David Paciocco opposed it at the time of its passage.[6]
Ziyad Mia, of the Toronto Muslim Lawyers Association, "questioned whether the definition of terrorist activity would apply to a group that resisted, by acts of violence, the regimes of Saddam Hussein or Robert Mugabe," and pointed out that it criminalized the French Resistance and Nelson Mandela.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Combating Terrorism Act, S.C. 2013, c. 9
- ^ Anti-terrorism Act, S.C. 2001, c. 41
- ^ See e.g. Colleen Bell, "Subject to Exception: Security Certificates, National Security and Canada's Role in the 'War on Terror'" 21(1) Canadian Journal of Law and Society 63-83 at 73; Sherene Razack, Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law and Politics (Toronto, Buffalo, & London: University of Toronto Press, 2008) at 161; and Kent Roach, "Defining Terrorism: The Need for a Restrained Definition" in The Human Rights of Anti-Terrorism, Nicole LaViolette & Craig Forcese, eds. (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2008) 97-127 at 97-98 and 127.
- ^ cbc.ca: "411 error" Archived 2009-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Poilievre urges feds to list Houthis as terrorist organization in Canada".
- ^ a b Telegdi, Andrew (2007-07-28). "So-called anti-terrorism act". telegdi.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-28.
- ^ thestar.com: "Life term for terror ringleader - Man planned to detonate three bombs at 9 a.m., when Toronto's downtown core would be bustling", 19 Jan 2010
- ^ nationalpost.com: "Controversial anti-terror bill passes, allowing preventative arrests, secret hearings", 25 Apr 2013
- ^ yahoo.com: "Harper government to fast track anti-terrorism bill", 19 Apr 2013
- ^ Martin, Robert (2005). "Notes on Emergency Powers in Canada" (PDF). UNB LJ. 54: 161.
- ^ "Terrorism and Canada".
- ^ Scheppele, Kim Lane (2006). "North American emergencies: The use of emergency powers in Canada and the United States". International Journal of Constitutional Law. 4 (2): 213–243. doi:10.1093/icon/mol003.
- ^ Diab, Robert. "Guantanamo North", 2008