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Washingtonia filifera

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Washingtonia filifera, the desert fan palm,[4] California fan palm, or California palm,[5][6][7] is a flowering plant in the palm family Arecaceae, native to the far southwestern United States and Baja California, Mexico. Growing to 15–20 m (49–66 ft) tall by 3–6 m (10–20 ft) broad, it is an evergreen monocot with a tree-like growth habit. It has a sturdy, columnar trunk and waxy, fan-shaped (palmate) leaves.

Washingtonia filifera
Native grove near Twentynine Palms, California
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Tribe: Trachycarpeae
Genus: Washingtonia
Species:
W. filifera
Binomial name
Washingtonia filifera
Natural range
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Brahea dulcis J.G. Cooper
  • Brahea filamentosa (Franceschi) Kuntze
  • Brahea filifera (Linden ex André) hort. ex S. Watson
  • Livistona filamentosa (H. Wendl. ex Franceschi) Pfister
  • Neowashingtonia filamentosa (Franceschi) Sudw.
  • Neowashingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) Sudw.
  • Pritchardia filamentosa Franceschi
  • Pritchardia filifera Linden ex André
  • Washingtonia filamentosa (Franceschi) Kuntze
  • Washingtonia filifera var. microsperma Becc.

Names

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The Latin specific epithet filifera means "thread-bearing".[8]

Description

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Washingtonia filifera grows to 18 m (59 ft) in height, and occasionally to as much as 25 m (82 ft) in ideal conditions. The California fan palm is also known as the desert fan palm, American cotton palm, and Arizona fan palm.

The fronds are up to 4 m (13 ft) long, made up of a thorned petiole up to 2 m (6.6 ft) long, bearing a fan of leaflets 1.5–2.0 m (4.9–6.6 ft) long. They have long, thread-like, white fibers, and the petioles are pure green with yellow edges and filifera-filaments, between the segments. The trunk is gray and tan, and the leaves are gray green. When the fronds die, they remain attached and drop down to cloak the trunk in a wide skirt. The shelter that the skirt creates provides a microhabitat for many small birds and invertebrates.

Washingtonia filifera typically lives from 80 to 250 years or more.

Distribution

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Washingtonia filifera is the only palm native to the Western United States and one of the country's largest native palms,[9][10] exceeded in height only by the Cuban or Florida royal palm.[7]

Primary populations are found in desert riparian habitats at spring-fed and stream-fed oases in the Colorado Desert[11] and at a few scattered locations in the Mojave Desert.[12] It is also found near watercourses in the Sonoran Desert along the Gila River in Yuma,[13] along the Hassayampa River and near New River in Maricopa County, and in portions of Pima County, Pinal County, Mohave County (along the Colorado River), and several other isolated locations in Clark County, Nevada. In Mexico, it is native only to the state of Baja California, where it occurs in isolated canyons and oases as far south as Bahía de los Angeles.[14] It is a naturalized species in the warm springs near Death Valley and in the extreme northwest of Sonora (Mexico). It is also reportedly naturalized in the South and Southeast Texas, Florida, Hawaii, extreme southwest Utah, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Australia as well as in Morocco, Egypt, Iraq, Spain and Italy.[15][16]

Ecology

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A grove of Washingtonia filifera south of Palm Springs.

Desert fan palms provide habitat for the giant palm-boring beetle, western yellow bat, hooded oriole, and many other bird species. Hooded orioles rely on the trees for food and places to build nests. Numerous insect species visit the hanging inflorescences that appear in late spring.[17]

Historically, natural oases are mainly restricted to areas downstream from the source of hot springs, though water is not always visible at the surface.

Today's oasis environment may have been protected from colder climatic changes over the course of its evolution. Thus, this palm is restricted by both water and climate to widely separated relict groves.[18] The trees in these groves show little if any genetic differentiation, (through electrophoretic examination), suggesting that the genus is genetically very stable.

Fire adaptations

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Fan palm oases have historically been subject to both natural and manmade fires. Fires are rarely fatal for the fan palm, but it is also not completely immune to them.

The fan palm's trunk is heavily resistant to burning. In most cases, the trunk is only at risk of losing some of its outer vascular layers during a fire. After those layers are ignited and burnt off, the remaining surface is left heavily charred, which fortifies the trunk against future flames. Subsequent burnings serve to char the trunk more, further increasing its fire resistance. 

The palm's fronds are the most flammable portion of the tree. The unchecked buildup of dead fronds as a 'skirt' around the trunk can be especially dangerous in a crown fire. A severe accumulation of them could constitute enough kindling to completely burn through the trunk, killing the tree. However, if a palm can survive the burning of its fronds, they will take time to regrow, leaving it less susceptible to fire in the meantime.

Barring extreme, fatal conditions, fires are even conducive to the health and propagation of fan palms. The palms' reproduction process benefits from burnings, as fires help release saplings and clear away overgrowth from surrounding vegetation. Fires can also help palms conserve water by burning away their crowns and parts of their trunks, leading to a reduction in surface area and therefore decreased rates of evaporation and transpiration.[19]

Threats

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Grazing animals can kill young plants through trampling, or by eating the terminus at the apical meristem, the growing portion of the plant. This may have kept palms restricted to a lesser range than indicated by the availability of water.

The palm boring beetle Dinapate wrightii (Bostrichidae) can chew through the trunks of this and other palms. Eventually, a continued infestation of beetles can kill various genera and species of palms. W. filifera appears to be resistant to the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) by a mechanism of antibiosis – production of compounds lethal to the larvae.[20][21][22]

Currently, the desert fan palm is experiencing a population and range expansion, perhaps due to global warming[23][24] or mustang control.

Uses

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The sweet fruit pulp of the fan palm is edible.[25] The fruit was eaten raw, cooked, or ground into flour for cakes by Native Americans.[26] The Cahuilla and related tribes used the leaves to make sandals, roof thatch, and baskets. The woody petioles were used to make cooking utensils. The Moapa band of Paiutes and other Southern Paiute people have written memories of using this palm's seed, fruit, or leaves for various purposes, including as famine food.[27][28] The bud (known as heart of palm) has also been eaten.[29]

Access

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Joshua Tree National Park in the Mojave Desert preserves and protects healthy riparian palm habitat examples in the Little San Bernardino Mountains, and westward where water rises through the San Andreas Fault on the east valley side. In the central Coachella Valley, the Indio Hills Palms State Reserve and nearby Coachella Valley Preserve, other large oases are protected and accessible. The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument, and Anza-Borrego Desert State Park both have large and diverse W. filifera canyon oasis habitats. In Arizona, Kofa National Wildlife Refuge hosts an accessible grove of this species.

Cultivation

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Washingtonia filifera is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree. It is one of the hardiest coryphoid palms, rated as hardy to USDA hardiness zone 8. It can survive brief temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F) with minor damage, and established plants have survived, with severe leaf damage, brief periods as low as −17 °C (1 °F). The plants grow best in arid or Mediterranean climates, but can be found in humid subtropical climates such as eastern Australia and the southeastern USA. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[30][31]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Carrero, C. (2021). "Washingtonia filifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T38725A59318379. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T38725A59318379.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl. ex de Bary". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  3. ^ "Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary". PlantList. 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  4. ^ Cornett, J. W. (1986). "The Common Name of Washingtonia filifera". Principes. 30 (4): 153–55.
  5. ^ Griffin, Bruce (2000). A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert. University of California Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0520219809.
  6. ^ Kearney, Thomas and Robert Hibbs Peebles (1960). Arizona Flora. University of California Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0520006379.
  7. ^ a b Flora of North America Association. Flora of North America: North of Mexico Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in Part), and Zingiberidae. pp. 105–06, 116–17. ISBN 978-0195137293.
  8. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. UK: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
  9. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (5 January 2009). "California Fan Palm (Washingtonia filifera)". iGoTerra. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  10. ^ Clover, E.U. (April 1937). "Vegetational survey of the lower Rio Grand Valley, Texas". Madroño. 4 (2): 41–66. JSTOR 41422215.
  11. ^ Cornett, James W. (1997). The Sonoran Desert: A Brief Natural History. Palm Springs, California: Palm Springs Desert Museum. ISBN 0937794279.
  12. ^ Cornett, James W. (1987). Naturalized Populations of the Desert Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera, in Death Valley National Monument in Plant Biology of Eastern California. Los Angeles: White Mountain Research Station, University of California. pp. 167–74.
  13. ^ Nothaft, Mark (22 March 2016). "Are palm trees native to Arizona?". Retrieved 26 March 2016. Mark Fleming, curator of botany at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum of Tucson, says Washingtonia filifera, or the California fan palm, is the state's only naturally occurring variety and that they are found in pockets around southern California, Northern Mexico, and one or two pockets in Arizona.
  14. ^ Wiggins, Ira L. (1980). Flora of Baja California. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 1025. ISBN 0-8047-1016-3.
  15. ^ "Plant Profile for Washingtonia filifera (California fan palm)". Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  16. ^ Govaerts, R. "Washingtonia filifera (Rafarin) H.Wendl. ex de Bary, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 37: LXI (1879)". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  17. ^ Cornett, J. W. 1986. Arthropod visitors at Washingtonia filifera (Wendl) Flowers. Pan Pacific Entomologist 62(3):224–25.
  18. ^ "Desert Fan Palms-Evidence suggests "Relict Genus"". www.xeri.com. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  19. ^ Vogl, Richard; McHargue, Lawrence (1966). "Vegetation of California Fan Palm Oases on the San Andreas Fault". Ecological Society of America. 47 (4): 532–40. Bibcode:1966Ecol...47..532V. doi:10.2307/1933929. JSTOR 1933929.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Nisson, N.; Hodel, D.; Hoddle, M. "Red Palm Weevil". Center for Invasive Species Research. University of California Riverside. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  21. ^ Dembilio, Ó.; Jacas, J.A.; Llácer, E. (August 2009). "Are the palms Washingtonia filifera and Chamaerops humilis suitable hosts for the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Col. Curculionidae)?". Journal of Applied Entomology. 133 (7): 565–67. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01385.x. S2CID 85677945.
  22. ^ Monroy, F.; Curir, P.; Clematis, F.; Cangelosi, B. (June 2016). "Susceptibility and possible resistance mechanisms in the palm species Phoenix dactylifera, Chamaerops humilis and Washingtonia filifera against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 106 (3): 341–46. doi:10.1017/S000748531500108X. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 26976073. S2CID 206225113.
  23. ^ Cornett, James W. (2010). Desert Palm Oasis (Second ed.). Palm Springs, California: Nature Trails Press. ISBN 978-0937794425.
  24. ^ "global warming & W. filifera Palms – a rebuttal". www.xeri.com. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  25. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 325. ISBN 0394507614.
  26. ^ Cornett, James W. (2011). Indian Uses of Desert Plants (Third ed.). Palm Springs, California: Nature Trails Press. ISBN 978-0937794456.
  27. ^ Spencer, W. (1995). "Washingtonia filifera: Nevada's rejected ancient Palm". xeri.com. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  28. ^ Spencer, W. (1995). "A report regarding: The Palm – Washingtonia filifera – in Moapa NV". xeri.com. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  29. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 299.[ISBN missing]
  30. ^ "Washingtonia filifera: Washington palm". RHS Gardening. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  31. ^ "California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera". realpalmtrees.com.
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