The Bungku–Tolaki languages (also known as Bungku–Mori in older literature[1]) are a group of languages spoken primarily in South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and in neighboring parts of Central and South Sulawesi provinces.
| Bungku–Tolaki | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Indonesia (Sulawesi) |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Bungku-Tolaki |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | bung1268 |
 | |
Languages
editMead (1998:117) presents the following tree-model classification for Bungku–Tolaki. This classification is based on the historical-comparative method in linguistics.[2]
- Eastern
- Western
- Interior: Mori Atas (spoken in Mori Atas district of North Morowali Regency), Padoe (spoken in area near Sorowako in Nuha district of East Luwu Regency), Tomadino
- West Coast: Tolaki, Rahambuu, Kodeoha (spoken in Kodeoha district in North Kolaka Regency), Waru
This classification supersedes Mead (1999), an earlier classification proposed by Mead in 1994.[3] Based on a lexicostatistical comparison, his earlier classification proposed 'Bungku,' 'Mori,' and 'Tolaki' as primary subdivisions under Bungku–Tolaki. In view of more recent evidence from shared sound change and innovations in pronoun sets, the unity of the proposed Mori group (comprising Bahonsuai, Mori Bawah, Mori Atas, Padoe and Tomadino) could not be maintained. Additional information can be found at Mori language.
Phonology
editThe sound system of all Bungku–Tolaki is characterized by a simple five-vowel system and the complete lack of final consonants.[2][4]
Reconstruction
edit| Proto-Bungku-Tolaki | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Bungku-Tolaki languages |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
Proto-Bungku–Tolaki has been reconstructed by Mead (1998).[2]
References
edit- ^ Noorduyn J. (1991). A Critical Survey of Studies on the Languages of Sulawesi. Leiden: KITLV Press.
- ^ a b c Mead, David. 1998. Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax . PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. hdl:1911/19290
- ^ Mead, David. 1999. The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/146198 doi:10.15144/PL-D91
- ^ Mead, David (1996). "The Evidence for Final Consonants in Proto-Bungku-Tolaki". Oceanic Linguistics. 35 (2): 180–194. doi:10.2307/3623172.