The Brantas is the longest river in East Java, Indonesia.[2] It has a length of 320 km,[3] and drains an area of over 11,000 km2 from the southern slope of Mount Kawi-Kelud-Butak, Mount Wilis, and the northern slopes of Mount Liman-Limas, Mount Welirang, and Mount Anjasmoro.[4] Its course is semi-circular or spiral in shape: at its source, the river heads southeast, but gradually curves south, then southwest, west, then north, and finally it flows generally eastward at the point where it branches off to become the Kalimas and Porong River.
| Brantas River Kali Brantas, Sungai Brantas | |
|---|---|
 Brantas river, Kediri regency. | |
  Location of river mouth  Brantas River (Indonesia) | |
| Location | |
| Country |  Indonesia |
| Province | East Java |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Arjuno-Welirang |
| Mouth | |
• location | Madura Strait |
| Length | 320 km (200 mi) |
| Basin size | 11,900 km2 (4,600 sq mi)[1] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Near mouth |
| • average | 579 m3/s (20,400 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Brantas Basin (DAS220228)[1] |
History
edit
King Mpu Sindok moved his kingdom from the Mataram Kingdom in Central Java to a new location on this river circa 950 A.D. Possibly (only one of several reasons given) due to a Mount Merapi volcanic eruption, he had to leave his kingdom to this new safe place near the present city of Madiun.
Cities and regencies on the Brantas River
editGeography
editThe river flows in the eastern area of Java with a predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).[5] The annual average temperature in the area is 26 °C. The warmest month is October when the average temperature is around 30 °C, and the coldest is June, at 24 °C on average.[6] The average annual rainfall is 2982 mm. The wettest month is March, with an average of 496 mm of rainfall, and the driest is August, with 28 mm of rainfall.[7]
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor SK.511/MENHUT-V/2011 Tahun 2011 - Pusat Data Hukumonline".
- ^ Kali Brantas at Geonames.org (cc-by); Last updated 2013-06-04; Database dump downloaded 2015-11-27
- ^ Ramu, Kikkeri (December 2004). "Brantas River Basin Case Study, Indonesia" (PDF). Background Paper. Worldbank. p. 36.
- ^ Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 132.
- ^ Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L; McMahon, T A (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ a b "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. 30 January 2016. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ "NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)". NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission. 30 January 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.