The Bismarck Sea (German: Bismarcksee, pronounced ['bɪsmarkzeː]) lies in the south-western Pacific Ocean within the Papua New Guinean exclusive economic zone.[1][2] It is located north-east of the island of New Guinea and south of the Bismarck Archipelago. It has coastlines in districts of the Islands Region, Momase Region, and Papua Region.
| Bismarck Sea | |
|---|---|
 Bismarck Sea in Papua New Guinea | |
  Bismarck Sea | |
| Location | Oceania |
| Coordinates | 4°S 148°E / 4°S 148°E |
| Type | Sea |
| Etymology | Otto von Bismarck |
| Part of | Pacific Ocean |
| Basin countries | Papua New Guinea |
| Surface area | 250,400 km2 (96,700 sq mi) |
| Settlements | Madang |
Geography
editLike the Bismarck Archipelago, it is named in honour of the first German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.[a] The Bismarck Archipelago extends round to the east and north of the sea, enclosing the Bismarck Sea and separating it from the Southern Pacific Ocean. To the south it is linked to the Solomon Sea by the Vitiaz Strait.[4]
Official boundaries
edit
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the Bismarck Sea as "that area of the South Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of New Guinea", with the following limits:[5]
On the North and East. By the Northern and Northeastern coasts of the islands of New Ireland, New Hanover, the Admiralty Islands, Hermit Island, and the Ninigo Group, through Manu and Aua Islands to Wuvulu Island and thence a line to Baudissin Point in New Guinea (142°02'E).
On the Southeast. A line from the Southern point of New Ireland along the parallel of 4°50' South to the coast of New Britain, along its Northern coast and thence a line from its Western extreme through the Northern point of Umboi Island to Teliata Point, New Guinea (5°55′S 147°24′E / 5.917°S 147.400°E)
On the Southwest. By the Northeast coast of New Guinea.
Geology
editThe geology is related to the tectonic processes that have produced the underlying South Bismarck Plate and the relic North Bismarck Plate.[6] These processes have created the Melanesian arc volcanoes and explain the many earthquakes under the sea.[6]
Mineral wealth
editRecent explorations in the Bismarck Sea seabed have yielded discoveries of mineral-rich beds of sulfides, copper, zinc, silver and gold. These findings are especially important because they lie in shallow, calm waters. Papua New Guinea owns the mining rights to these minerals under international law.[7]
Important Bird Area
editSome 5,200 km2 of the Bismarck Sea, between the north-eastern end of New Britain and New Ireland, has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it apparently supports a population of Beck's petrels, following sightings at sea of this rare and enigmatic species, of which the breeding grounds remain undiscovered.[8]
History
editIt was the site of a major Japanese naval defeat in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea during World War II on 3 and 4 March 1943.[9]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ In English the only recognised name is Bismarck Sea.[1] Not all languages use this translated term, particularly in north-eastern Europe. For example Jaungvinejas jūra (Latvian) or Morze Nowogwinejskie (Polish). In 2007, the Ministry of the Interior and Administration of Poland, changed the name of the area, used in Polish language, from Morze Bismarckain a decision that was upheld in 2022. This was done due to historic controversies surrounding Bismarck in Poland.[3]
References
edit- ^ a b "Marine Gazetteer:Bismarck Sea". Retrieved 30 June 2024.
- ^ "Marine Gazetteer:Papua New Guinean Exclusive Economic Zone". Retrieved 30 June 2024.
- ^ "117. posiedzenie Komisji Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych poza Granicami Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". gov.pl (in Polish). 24 November 2021.
- ^ "Bismarck Sea". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
- ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ a b Holm, RJ; Rosenbaum, G; Richards, SW (1 May 2016). "Post 8 Ma reconstruction of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands: Microplate tectonics in a convergent plate boundary setting". Earth-Science Reviews. 156: 66–81. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.03.005.
- ^ "The Mineral Wealth of the Bismarck Sea". Scientific American Digital. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
- ^ "Bismarck Sea". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
- ^ "Pacific War Maps". Retrieved 15 July 2007.