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1993 Bishopsgate bombing

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This article is about the City of London bomb in 1993. For the bombing in 1992, see Baltic Exchange bombing.

The Bishopsgate bombing occurred on 24 April 1993, when the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a powerful truck bomb on Bishopsgate, a major thoroughfare in London's financial district, the City of London. Telephoned warnings were sent about an hour beforehand, but a news photographer was killed in the blast and 44 people were injured, with fatalities minimised due to its occurring on a Saturday. The blast destroyed the nearby St Ethelburga's church and wrecked Liverpool Street station and the NatWest Tower.[2][3]

1993 Bishopsgate bombing
Part of the Troubles
Wormwood Street pictured in the aftermath of the bombing which occurred on nearby Bishopsgate
LocationBishopsgate, London, United Kingdom
Coordinates51°30′56″N 0°04′56″W / 51.5156°N 0.0822°W / 51.5156; -0.0822
Date24 April 1993; 31 years ago (1993-04-24)
10:27 am (GMT)
TargetLondon's primary financial district
Attack type
Truck bomb
Deaths1
Injured44[1]
PerpetratorsProvisional Irish Republican Army

As a result of the bombing, which happened just over a year after the bombing of the nearby Baltic Exchange, a "ring of steel" was implemented to protect the City, and many firms introduced disaster recovery plans in case of further attacks or similar disasters. £350 million (equivalent to £710 million in 2023) was spent on repairing damage. In 1994 detectives believed they knew the identities of the IRA bombers, but lacked sufficient evidence to arrest them.[4]

Background

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Since the beginning of its campaign in the early 1970s, the IRA carried out many bomb attacks on military, political, and commercial targets in England. By bombing commercial targets, it sought to damage the British economy and cause severe disruption, which it believed would put pressure on the British government to negotiate a withdrawal from Northern Ireland.[5] In early 1993, the Northern Ireland peace process was at a delicate stage with attempts to broker an IRA ceasefire ongoing.[6] Gerry Adams of Sinn Féin and John Hume of the Social Democratic and Labour Party had been engaged in private dialogue since 1988, with a view to establishing a broad Irish nationalist coalition.[7] British Prime Minister John Major had refused to openly enter into talks with Sinn Féin until the IRA declared a ceasefire.[8] The risk of an IRA attack on the City of London had increased due to the lack of progress with political talks, resulting in a warning being circulated to all police forces in Britain highlighting intelligence reports of a possible attack, as it was felt the IRA had enough personnel, equipment and funds to launch a sustained campaign in England.[6] On 10 April 1992, the IRA detonated a truck bomb outside the Baltic Exchange on St. Mary Axe. The Baltic Exchange bombing caused £800 million worth of damage (equivalent to £2.09 billion in 2023[9]), £200 million more than the total damage caused by the 10,000 explosions that had occurred during the Troubles in Northern Ireland up to that point.[10][11]

Bombing

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In March 1993, an Iveco tipper truck was stolen in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire and was repainted from white to dark blue.[12] A 1 tonne ANFO bomb made by the IRA's South Armagh Brigade had been smuggled into England and was placed in the truck, hidden underneath a layer of tarmac.[12][13] At about 9 am on 24 April, two volunteers from an IRA active service unit drove the truck containing the bomb onto Bishopsgate.[13][14] They parked the truck outside 99 Bishopsgate, which was then the UK headquarters of HSBC, located by the junction with Wormwood Street and Camomile Street, and left the area in a car driven by an accomplice.[14] A series of telephone warnings were then sent from a phonebox in Forkhill, County Armagh, Northern Ireland with the caller using a recognised IRA codeword and stating "[there's] a massive bomb… clear a wide area".[12][15] The first warnings were sent about one hour before the bomb detonated. Two police officers were already making inquiries into the truck when the warnings were received, and police began evacuating the area.[14][16]

 
An Iveco tipper truck, the type used to carry the bomb

The bomb exploded at 10:27 am, causing extensive damage to buildings along a significant stretch of Bishopsgate. The blast raised a mushroom cloud that could be seen across much of London and gouged a 15-foot wide crater in the street.[16] Buildings up to 500 metres away were damaged, with 1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2) of office space being affected and over 500 tonnes of glass broken.[17][18] The NatWest Tower — at the time the City's tallest skyscraper – was amongst the structures badly damaged, with many windows on the east side of the tower destroyed; one newspaper described it as "black gaps punched its fifty-two floors like a mouth full of bad teeth".[15][16] Damage extended as far north as Liverpool Street station and south beyond Threadneedle Street.[19][20] St Ethelburga's church, seven metres away from the bomb, collapsed as a result of the explosion.[19][21] The cost of repair was estimated at the time at £1 billion.[16][8] Civilian casualties were low as it was a Saturday morning and the City was typically occupied by only a small number of residents, office workers, security guards, builders, and maintenance staff.[16][19] Forty-four people were injured by the bomb and News of the World photographer Edward Henty was killed after ignoring police warnings and rushing to the scene.[19][22][23][24] The truck-bomb produced the explosive power of 1,200 kg of TNT.[25][26]

Reaction

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The damaged 99 Bishopsgate in the City of London, which lost most of its glass in the bombing

The business community and media called for increased security in the City, with one leading City figure calling for "a medieval-style walled enclave to prevent terrorist attacks".[27] Prime Minister John Major received a telephone call from Francis McWilliams, the Lord Mayor of London, reminding him that "the City of London earned £17 billion last year for the nation as a whole. Its operating environment and future must be preserved".[13][15] Major, McWilliams, and Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman Lamont made public statements that business would continue as normal in the City and that the Bishopsgate bombing would not achieve a lasting effect.[17] Major later gave an account of the public stance taken by his government on the bombing:

Frankly, we thought it was likely to bring the whole process to an end. And we told them repeatedly that that was the case. They assumed that if they bombed and put pressure on the British at Bishopsgate or with some other outrage or other, it would affect our negotiating position to their advantage. In that judgment they were wholly wrong. Every time they did that, they made it harder not easier for any movement to be made towards a settlement. They hardened our attitude, whereas they believed that their actions would soften it. That is a fundamental mistake the IRA have made with successive British governments throughout the last quarter of a century.[28]

The IRA's reaction appeared in 29 April edition of An Phoblacht, highlighting how the bombers exploited a security loophole after "having spotted a breach in the usually tight security around the City".[6] There was also a message from the IRA leadership, calling for "the British establishment to seize the opportunity and to take the steps needed for ending its futile and costly war in Ireland. We again emphasise that they should pursue the path of peace or resign themselves to the path of war".[29] The IRA also attempted to apply indirect pressure to the British government with a statement sent to non-United States foreign-owned businesses in the City, warning that:

no one should be misled into underestimating the IRA's intention to mount future planned attacks into the political and financial heart of the British state ... In the context of present political realities, further attacks on the City of London and elsewhere are inevitable. This we feel we are bound to convey to you directly, to allow you to make fully informed decisions.[13][29]

The City of London Corporation's chief planning officer called for the demolition of buildings damaged in the explosion, including the NatWest Tower, seeing an opportunity to rid the City of some of the 1970s architecture and build a new state-of-the-art structure as a "symbol of defiance to the IRA".[30] His comments were not endorsed by the Corporation themselves, who remarked that the NatWest Tower was an integral part of the City's skyline.[30]

Aftermath

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The City church of St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate, badly damaged in the bombing
 
Monument to journalist Ed Henty, the only fatality in the bombing, at St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate

In May 1993, the City of London Police confirmed a planned security cordon for the City which had been conceived by its commissioner Owen Kelly, and on 3 July 1993 the "ring of steel" was introduced.[27] Most routes into the City were closed or made exit-only, and the remaining eight routes into the City had checkpoints manned by armed police.[27] CCTV cameras were also introduced to monitor vehicles entering the area, including two cameras at each entry point – one to read the vehicle registration plate and another to monitor the driver and passenger.[27] Over 70 police-controlled cameras monitored the City, but to increase coverage of public areas, "Camera Watch" was launched in September 1993 to encourage co-operation on surveillance between the police, private companies and the Corporation of London.[27] Nine months after the scheme was launched, only 12.5% of buildings had camera systems, but by 1996 well over 1,000 cameras in 376 separate systems were operational in the City.[27]

The bombing resulted in a number of companies changing their working practices and drawing up plans to deal with any future incidents. Documents were blown out of windows of multi-storey buildings by the force of the explosion; police destroyed all such documents found. This resulted in risk managers subsequently demanding a "clear desk" policy at the end of each working day to improve information security.[31] The attack also prompted British and American financial companies to prepare disaster recovery plans in case of future attacks.[32][33]

The first World Trade Center bombing in New York City in February 1993 had caused bankruptcy in 40% of the affected companies within two years of the attack, according to a report from analysts IDC.[33] As a result of the Baltic Exchange and Bishopsgate bomb attacks, City-based companies were well-prepared to deal with the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with a spokesman for the Corporation of London stating: "After the IRA bombs, firms redoubled their disaster recovery plans and the City recovered remarkably quickly. It has left the City pretty well-prepared for this sort of thing now."[33] The initial estimate of £1 billion worth of damage was later downgraded, and the total cost of reconstruction was £350 million (equivalent to £910 million in 2023[9]).[14][19] The subsequent payouts by insurance companies resulted in them suffering heavy losses causing a crisis in the industry, including the near-collapse of the Lloyd's of London market.[19] A government-backed insurance scheme, Pool Re, was subsequently introduced in Britain, with the government acting as a "re-insurer of last resort" for losses over £75 million (equivalent to £200 million in 2023[9]).[34][35]

The bombing, mounted at a cost of £3,000, was the last major bombing in England during that phase of the Northern Ireland conflict.[36][37] The campaign of bombing of the UK's financial centre, described by author and journalist Ed Moloney as "possibly the [IRA's] most successful military tactic since the start of the Troubles", was suspended by the IRA to allow the political progress made by Gerry Adams and John Hume to continue.[36] The IRA carried out a number of smaller bomb and mortar attacks in England during the remainder of 1993 and in early 1994, before declaring a "complete cessation of military operations" on 31 August 1994.[38][39] The ceasefire ended on 9 February 1996 when two people were killed in the IRA's bombing of London Docklands, which targeted London's secondary financial district Canary Wharf.[39]

Subsequent events

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In July 2000, it was announced that Punch magazine was to be prosecuted for contempt of court after publishing an article by former MI5 officer David Shayler. Shayler's article claimed MI5 could have stopped the Bishopsgate bombing, which a spokesman for Attorney General Lord Williams claimed was a breach of a 1997 court injunction preventing Shayler disclosing information on security or intelligence matters.[40][41] In November 2000, Punch and its editor were found guilty and fined £20,000 and £5,000 respectively.[42] In March 2001, the editor successfully appealed against his conviction and fine, with an appeal judge accusing the Attorney General of acting like a press censor and ruling that the 1997 injunction was in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights.[23][43] In December 2002, this decision was overturned at the House of Lords, with five law lords ruling that editor James Steen's publication of Shayler's article was indeed in contempt.[44]

On 24 April 2013, a commemorative dinner was held by the Felix Fund, a charity for bomb disposal experts and their families, at the Merchant Taylors' Hall on Threadneedle Street to mark 20 years since the Bishopsgate bombing.[45]

References

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  1. ^ "Bishopsgate bomb: Photos issued on 25th anniversary". BBC News. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  2. ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 24 | 1993: IRA bomb devastates City of London". BBC News. 24 April 1993. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  3. ^ "Bomb disposal hero breaks silence on anniversary of Bishopsgate blast | London Evening Standard". Standard.co.uk. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  4. ^ Kirby, Terry (5 April 1994). "Police 'know who planted Bishopsgate bomb': Men seen on video may be in Irish Republic. Terry Kirby reports". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  5. ^ O'Day, Alan. Political Violence in Northern Ireland. Greenwood Publishing, 1997. p.20
  6. ^ a b c Coaffee, Jon (2003). Terrorism, Risk and the City: The Making of a Contemporary Urban Landscape. Ashgate Publishing. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7546-3555-0.
  7. ^ Taylor, Peter (1997). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 305–306. ISBN 0-7475-3818-2.
  8. ^ a b Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin, p. 335.
  9. ^ a b c UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  10. ^ De Baróid, Ciarán (2000). Ballymurphy and the Irish War. Pluto Press. p. 325. ISBN 0-7453-1509-7.
  11. ^ Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin, p. 327.
  12. ^ a b c Harnden, Toby (1999). Bandit Country. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 337–38. ISBN 0-340-71736-X.
  13. ^ a b c d Owen Kelly. "The IRA Threat to the City of London". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  14. ^ a b c d Dillon, Martin (1996). 25 Years of Terror: The IRA's war against the British. Bantam Books. p. 292. ISBN 0-553-40773-2.
  15. ^ a b c Geraghty, Tony (2003). The Irish War. Pan Books. p. 296. ISBN 0-330-49388-4.
  16. ^ a b c d e Schmidt, William E. (25 April 1993). "1 Dead, 40 Hurt As a Blast Rips Central London". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  17. ^ a b Coogan, Tim (2000). The IRA. HarperCollins. p. 587. ISBN 0-00-653155-5.
  18. ^ Teicholz, Eric (2001). Facility Design and Management Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 521. ISBN 978-0-07-135394-6.
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  20. ^ O'Brien, Brendan (1999). The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin. Syracuse Univ Pr. pp. 272–273. ISBN 0-8156-0319-3.
  21. ^ Esper, Philip. "Non-linear transient and quasi-static analyses of the dynamic response of buildings to blast loading". Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  22. ^ Bowyer Bell, J. (1997). The Secret Army: The IRA. Transaction Publishers. p. 641. ISBN 1-56000-901-2.
  23. ^ a b Norton-Taylor, Richard (24 March 2001). "Judge backs editor over Shayler case". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  24. ^ Greenslade, Roy (2004). Press Gang: How Newspapers Make Profits From Propaganda. Pan Books. p. 601. ISBN 978-0-330-39376-8.
  25. ^ Oppenheimer, A. R. (2009). IRA: The Bombs and The Bullets. A History of Deadly Ingenuity. Irish Academic Press, p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7165-2895-1
  26. ^ Jane's intelligence digest: the global early-warning service. Jane's Information Group, 2005
  27. ^ a b c d e f Graham, Stephen (2004). Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. Wiley. pp. 281–84. ISBN 978-1-4051-1575-9.
  28. ^ Taylor, Peter (2001). Brits. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 327. ISBN 0-7475-5806-X.
  29. ^ a b English, Richard (2003). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Pan Books. p. 296. ISBN 0-330-49388-4.
  30. ^ a b Terrorism, Risk and the City: The Making of a Contemporary Urban Landscape, p. 95.
  31. ^ Graham, Julia; Kaye, David (2006). A Risk Management Approach to Business Continuity: Aligning Business Continuity with Corporate Governance. Rothstein Associates Inc. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-931332-36-1.
  32. ^ Scanlon, Joe (2001). "Putting terrorism and its aftermath into context". Canadian Association of Journalists. Archived from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  33. ^ a b c "Terror in the US: London shocked but prepared". Computer Weekly. 12 September 2001. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  34. ^ Stevenson, Rachel (8 July 2005). "Insurance losses capped by scheme". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  35. ^ Murray, Gerard (2005). Sinn Féin and the SDLP: From Alienation to Participation. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-4039-6860-9.
  36. ^ a b Moloney, Ed (2002). A Secret History of the IRA. Penguin Books. p. 411. ISBN 0-14-101041-X.
  37. ^ Bugg, Damian (12 August 2003). "The reach of terrorist financing and combating it: the links between terrorism and ordinary crime". Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  38. ^ 25 Years of Terror: The IRA's war against the British, pp. 294–95.
  39. ^ a b "1994: IRA declares 'complete' ceasefire". BBC. 31 August 1994. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  40. ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (28 July 2000). "Punch faces contempt action". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  41. ^ Arnheim, Michael (2004). The Handbook of Human Rights Law: An Accessible Approach to the Issues and Principles. Kogan Page Publishers. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7494-3498-4.
  42. ^ Hodgson, Jessica (7 November 2000). "Punch magazine and editor fined £25,000 for contempt of court". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  43. ^ Hodgson, Jessica (23 March 2001). "Punch editor wins court case". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  44. ^ Byrne, Ciar (12 December 2002). "Law lords overturn Punch decision". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  45. ^ London Evening Standard, page 37, 25 April 2013.
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