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Besséʼ

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Besséʼ (pronounced IPA: [bəˈs:ɛʔ])[1] is the prehistoric fossil of a young woman over 7,200 years old found in the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.[2][3] Discovered at Leang Panninge ("bat cave" in Bugis language) at the Maros Regency by archaeologists from the University of Hasanuddin in 2015, its formal description including genome sequencing was published in Nature in 2021. As the first human remain discovered belonging to the Toalean people, it provides critical understanding to human culture and migration during the Holocene period of Asia.[4] The nickname is adopted from the Bugis's custom of affectionately calling their newborn baby girls.

Besséʼ head, cracked and fragmented, surrounded by two cobbles.

DNA samples recovered from the inner ear bones of Besséʼ became the first ancient human DNA to be genetically analysed and sequenced. For this reason, she is referred to as the "genetic fossil."[5][6]

Discovery

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Excavation at Leang Panninge in 2019 showing the burial site.

Southern Sulawesi had been a centre of archaeological exploration in understanding the Toalean culture.[7][8] Research team of the Balai Arkeologi Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi Archaeological Centre) led by Akin Duli from the University of Hasanuddin, Sulawesi, first explored Leang Panninge in 2015.[9][10] The excavations uncovered many animal remains and stone tools of the Toalean people, including a burial site that contained human remains of one individual.[10] The human remains were discovered after three days of excavation.[9] It was the first time a human remain is discovered that belonged to the Toalean culture.[4]

 
The inside of the grave showing position of the burial.

Duli's research team in collaboration with an international team of palaeontologists led by Adam Brumm of the Griffith University, Australia, made a comprehensive excavation and, in 2019, discovered partially intact bones of the inner ear from the human remains. The bone powder yielded sufficient DNA sample for genetic analysis. It was a lucky find because, as Brumm explained, "The humid tropics are very unforgiving on DNA preservation in ancient human bones and teeth."[2] With the help of geneticist Selina Carlhoff of the Max Planck Institute, Germany, DNA analysis was performed that showed it as belonging to a young female hunter-gatherer who was aged around 17–18 years at her time of death.[4] The study published in the August 2021 issue of Nature,[3] became the first ancient DNA of any human in Southeast Asia to be sequenced.[2]

Name

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After the initial discovery in 2015, researchers at the University of Hasanuddin gave the name Besséʼ. The name is used by the Bugis people living in the southern Sulawesi as an affectionate name for their newborn girls.[11] The researchers chose it for the ancient woman remain, which so far remain the only known individual of the Toalean people, as a homage to her people and discovery.[1]

Burial features

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Besséʼ was buried in a foetal position and partially covered by large cobbles. The typical burial style also provided an example of modern human evolution and cultural development in Southeast Asia.[1][12] The tightly flexed burial of Besséʼ with the legs crouched with the legs folded up to the chest was a traditional practice,[13][14] and use of cobbles to cover the corpses are marks of careful rituals in many prehistoric cultures of the region.[15][16] With cobbles all around her body and under her head, Bessé’ was also evidently buried with proper burial processions.[11]

 
Besséʼ's skull.
 
Stone tools at Besséʼ's grave. Maros point is on top inset.

The cause of Besséʼ's death is unknown with no obvious signs of injuries or infections that leave their mark in bone.[17] Stone tools (including stone arrows known as Maros points) and red ochre were found alongside her body, indicating they were buried with her, as well as the bones of animals known to be hunted. The skull was already crushed and was recovered in fragments. Using carbon-14 dating of a galip nut seed (Canarium sp.) found in her grave, she was estimated to have died 7,300 to 7,200 years ago.[18]

Genetic analysis

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DNA samples were collected from the petrous part of the temporal bone (inner ear) of Besséʼ. It was the first DNA sample of prehistoric humans in Southeast Asia,[2] and it provided the first direct genetic study of the Toalean people.[19] Genomic analysis shows Besséʼ belonged to a population with a previously unknown ancestral composition. She shares about half of her genetic makeup with present-day indigenous Australians and people in New Guinea and the Western Pacific, along with a previously unknown divergent human lineage that branched off approximately 37,000 years ago (after Onge-related and Hòabìnhian-related lineages) including substantial DNA (about 2.2%) inherited from the now-extinct humans Denisovans.[18]

Implication on human migration

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Besséʼ's age and DNA analysis indicate that she belonged to a group whose ancestors migrated from the mainland Asia towards the south, thereby becoming ancestors of the original inhabitants of Wallacean islands (covering Sulawesi to Australia and New Guinea). She is genetically distinct from modern-day humans of the region and any other known prehistoric humans. She is most (genetically) closely related to the aboriginal Australians and New Guineans. A trace of her genetic lineage with people in east Asia provides evidence of new pattern of migration route never known before in Southeast Asia.[2]

Historical research puts the earliest human colonisation of Wallacea around 3,000 to 4,000 years ago.[20] Genetic evidences normally give the first human migration through Southeast Asia (from Wallacea to then a supercontinent called Sahul) around 55,000 years ago,[21][22] the oldest estimate being 65,000 years ago.[23][24] This implies that humans migration into Wallacea must have been much earlier; but, direct evidences are still lacking.[11]

Besséʼ at 7,200 years old is an important variation to the established evidences of Wallacean occupation, indicating that there were people who moved there before any of the previously known migration. It further adds to time range for Toalean culture, which is generally considered as prevailing between 2,000 and 7,000 years ago.[25][26] Her genetic link to east Asian people indicates that eastward migration could have taken place 50,000 years ago from Sulawesi.[4] It also suggests that modern humans and Denisovans met and interbred at Wallacea, and possibly in Sulawesi.[12]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Brumm, Adam; Oktaviana, Adhi; Duli, Akin; Burhan, Basran; Posth, Cosimo; Carlhoff, Selina (25 August 2021). "Who were the Toaleans? Ancient woman's DNA provides first evidence for the origin of a mysterious lost culture". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  2. ^ a b c d e Lu, Donna (2021-08-25). "'Genetic fossil': intact DNA from woman who lived 7,200 years ago discovered in Indonesia". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  3. ^ a b Nogrady, Bianca (2021). "First ancient human DNA found from key Asian migration route". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02319-7. PMID 34446859. S2CID 237331603.
  4. ^ a b c d Bower, Bruce (2021-08-25). "Ancient DNA shows the peopling of Southeast Asian islands was surprisingly complex". Science News. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  5. ^ Morales, Marie (2021-08-26). "7,200-Year-Old Young Female Skeleton Discovered in Indonesian Island; 'Toaleans' New Type of Ancient Human Seen in Fetal Position". Science Times. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  6. ^ Gaurav, Kunal (2021-08-26). "DNA from teenage girl who died 7,200 years ago reveals previously unknown humans". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  7. ^ Bulbeck, David; Pasqua, Monique; Di Lello, Adrian (2000). "Culture History of the Toalean of South Sulawesi, Indonesia" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 39 (1): 71–108. doi:10.1353/asi.2000.0004. hdl:10125/17135. JSTOR 42928470. S2CID 59334219.
  8. ^ Perston, Yinika L.; Moore, Mark; Suryatman, null; Langley, Michelle; Hakim, Budianto; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Brumm, Adam (2021). "A standardised classification scheme for the Mid-Holocene Toalean artefacts of South Sulawesi, Indonesia". PLOS ONE. 16 (5): e0251138. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1651138P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251138. PMC 8153489. PMID 34038416.
  9. ^ a b Dewa, Kumara Tungga (2021). "Prof. Akin Duli, Unhas Archaeologist, The Discoverer of Besse Skeleton – Hasanuddin University". unhas.ac.id. Hasanuddin University. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  10. ^ a b Hasanuddin, Hasanuddin (2017). "Gua Panningnge di Mallawa, Maros: kajian tentang gua hunian berdasarkan artefak batu dan sisa fauna". Naditira Widya. 11 (2): 81. doi:10.24832/nw.v11i2.210.
  11. ^ a b c Geni, Wiro (2021-09-29). "Uncovering the Traces of Papuan Ancestors in Sulawesi, "Besse" Gives the Answer". Papua Daily. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  12. ^ a b Sankaran, Vishwam (2021-08-26). "Ancient woman's remains found in Indonesia sheds light on lost human lineage". The Independent. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  13. ^ Higham, Charles (2013). "Hunter-Gatherers in Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to the Present". Human Biology. 85 (1/3): 21–44. doi:10.3378/027.085.0302. PMID 24297219. S2CID 30275715.
  14. ^ Pawlik, Alfred; Crozier, Rebecca; Fuentes, Riczar; Wood, Rachel; Piper, Philip (2019). "Burial traditions in early Mid-Holocene Island Southeast Asia: new evidence from Bubog-1, Ilin Island, Mindoro Occidental". Antiquity. 93 (370): 901–918. doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.190. hdl:1885/202182. S2CID 202373757.
  15. ^ Lara, M.; Paz, V.; Lewis, H.; Solheim, W. (2015). "Bone Modifications in an Early Holocene Cremation Burial from Palawan, Philippines". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 25 (5): 637–652. doi:10.1002/oa.2326.
  16. ^ Anderson, Douglas D. (1997). "Cave archaeology in Southeast Asia". Geoarchaeology. 12 (6): 607–638. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199709)12:6<607::AID-GEA5>3.0.CO;2-2.
  17. ^ Smith, Belinda (26 August 2021). "DNA from 7,300-year-old skeleton Besséʼ found in Sulawesi cave uncovers mysterious human lineage". ABC News (Science).
  18. ^ a b Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021). "Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea". Nature. 596 (7873): 543–547. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..543C. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. PMC 8387238. PMID 34433944.
  19. ^ Rosengreen, Carley (26 August 2021). "First ancient human DNA from the islands between Asia and Australia". Griffith University News.
  20. ^ Purnomo, Gludhug A.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; O’Connor, Sue; Kealy, Shimona; Taufik, Leonard; Schiller, Sophie; Rohrlach, Adam; Cooper, Alan; Llamas, Bastien; Sudoyo, Herawati; Teixeira, João C. (2021). "Mitogenomes Reveal Two Major Influxes of Papuan Ancestry across Wallacea Following the Last Glacial Maximum and Austronesian Contact". Genes. 12 (7): 965. doi:10.3390/genes12070965. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 8306604. PMID 34202821.
  21. ^ O'Connell, James F.; Allen, Jim; Williams, Martin A. J.; Williams, Alan N.; Turney, Chris S. M.; Spooner, Nigel A.; Kamminga, Johan; Brown, Graham; Cooper, Alan (2018-08-21). "When did Homo sapiens first reach Southeast Asia and Sahul?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (34): 8482–8490. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.8482O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1808385115. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 6112744. PMID 30082377.
  22. ^ Purnomo, Gludhug A.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; O’Connor, Sue; Kealy, Shimona; Taufik, Leonard; Schiller, Sophie; Rohrlach, Adam; Cooper, Alan; Llamas, Bastien; Sudoyo, Herawati; Teixeira, João C. (2021). "Mitogenomes Reveal Two Major Influxes of Papuan Ancestry across Wallacea Following the Last Glacial Maximum and Austronesian Contact". Genes. 12 (7): 965. doi:10.3390/genes12070965. PMC 8306604. PMID 34202821.
  23. ^ Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; Marwick, Ben; Fullagar, Richard; Wallis, Lynley; Smith, Mike; Roberts, Richard G.; Hayes, Elspeth; Lowe, Kelsey; Carah, Xavier; Florin, S. Anna (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago". Nature. 547 (7663): 306–310. Bibcode:2017Natur.547..306C. doi:10.1038/nature22968. hdl:2440/107043. PMID 28726833. S2CID 205257212.
  24. ^ Bacon, Anne-Marie; Bourgon, Nicolas; Welker, Frido; Cappellini, Enrico; Fiorillo, Denis; Tombret, Olivier; Thi Mai Huong, Nguyen; Anh Tuan, Nguyen; Sayavonkhamdy, Thongsa; Souksavatdy, Viengkeo; Sichanthongtip, Phonephanh (2021). "A multi-proxy approach to exploring Homo sapiens' arrival, environments and adaptations in Southeast Asia". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 21080. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1121080B. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99931-4. PMC 8548499. PMID 34702921.
  25. ^ Bulbeck, David; Pasqua, Monique; Di Lello, Adrian (2000). "Culture History of the Toalean of South Sulawesi, Indonesia". Asian Perspectives. 39 (1/2): 71–108. doi:10.1353/asi.2000.0004. hdl:10125/17135. JSTOR 42928470. S2CID 59334219.
  26. ^ Hasanuddin, Dr; Akw, Drs Bernadeta; Syaiful, Andi Muhammad; Yondri, Lutfi; Sumantri, Iwan; Nur, Muhammad; Supriadi, Drs; Rustan, Drs; Isbahuddin, Drs; Ansyary, Khairun Al; Sirajuddin, Khaidir (2020). "Interaction between the Toalean and Austronesian cultures in the Mallawa area, Maros district, South Sulawesi". Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology. 44: 329–349. doi:10.7152/jipa.v44i0.15675.
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