Polybenzoxazine

3-Phenyl-2,4-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazine monomer
Names
	IUPAC name 3-Phenyl-2,4-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazine
Identifiers
CAS Number	monomer: 51287-17-3 ;
3D model (JSmol)	monomer: Interactive image;
ChEMBL	monomer: ChEMBL1094604;
PubChem CID	monomer: 352915;
UNII	monomer: 69EQP78NHR ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	monomer: DTXSID70326481;
	InChI InChI=1S/C14H13NO/c1-2-7-13(8-3-1)15-10-12-6-4-5-9-14(12)16-11-15/h1-9H,10-11H2 Key: FMZPVXIKKGVLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES monomer: C1C2=CC=CC=C2OCN1C3=CC=CC=C3;
Properties
Chemical formula	C14H13NO
Molar mass	211.264 g·mol−1
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H315, H317
Precautionary statements	P261, P264, P272, P280, P302+P352, P321, P332+P313, P333+P313, P362, P363, P501
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Polybenzoxazines, also called benzoxazine resins, are cured polymerization products derived from benzoxazine monomers.

Monomers

Benzoxazines are bicyclic heterocyclic compounds containing one oxygen and one nitrogen atom in a doubly unsaturated six-member ring, specifically a 1,3-oxazine ring, fused with a benzene ring. The systematic IUPAC name of the prototypical unsubstituted monomer is 3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazine. Benzoxazines are products of condensation between an amine, a phenol and formaldehyde, used to produce thermoset resins or thermosetting polymer. Because of the wide availability and low-cost of starting materials (amines, phenols and formaldehyde), as well as ease of preparation (one-pot reaction) diverse benzoxazines are available. Numerous research focus on the different curing temperature, and polymer properties, such as cross-linking, from benzoxazines derived from substituted phenols.^{[citation needed]}

Commercial benzoxazines by Huntsman are based on bisphenols: bisphenol-A, bisphenol-F, thiodiphenol or dicyclopentadienediphenol.^[1]

Synthesis

Benzoxazines can be prepared by a one-pot process by heating an aromatic amine, a phenol and formaldehyde. Alternatively, they can be prepared sequentially.^{[citation needed]}

Curing

Curing of benzoxazines takes place by thermal ring-opening polymerisation with or without catalyst. (Catalysts reduce curing temperature.) Benzoxazines can be homopolymerized to yield rigid materials, or can be copolymerized with other monomers to tune properties.^{[citation needed]}

Polymers

The result of heating up benzoxazine monomers is a high molecular weight thermoset polymer matrix. Composites of it are used where enhanced mechanical performance, flame and fire resistance compared to epoxy and phenolic resins is required.^[2] Polybenzoxazines are a class of halogen-free high-performance polymers.

The main applications of polybenzoxazines resins are in fibre-reinforced plastic and as adhesives. They are substitutes of epoxy, phenolic and bismaleimide resins. Because of their superior resistance to chemicals, low flammability, and excellent heat stability, they are used for components that are exposed to high temperatures and corrosive media. Examples include chemical and heat resistant coatings, adhesives, prepregs, and encapsulants as well as halogen-free laminates for printed circuit boards. Polybenzoxazines are also used in the automotive and aerospace industries for applications where superior thermal and mechanical properties relative to conventional resins are required.^{[citation needed]}

Copolymers

It has been reported that it is possible to copolymerize benzoxazines with other monomers such as epoxy and urethane.^[3]^[4] This copolymerization could lead to higher crosslink network density and, consequently, to improvement in properties.^[5] In fact, experimental data reveals improvement in thermal properties. Glass transition temperature and degradation were improved by the copolymerization.^[6]

Advantages

No volatile release during cure^{[citation needed]}
Viscosities as low as 1000 cP at processing temperatures
Near zero shrinkage
Room temperature storage stability
Gel times of as short as 17 minutes at 155 °C
Good hydrophobicity
Gel temperature T_g at 140 - 250 °C or higher^[7]
Excellent electrical properties (low dielectric constant and dissipation factors)
Good chemical resistance

References

^ "Benzoxazine Thermoset Resins" (PDF). Huntsman. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2015.^{[verification needed]}
^ Handbook of Benzoxazine Resins, ed. Hatsuo Ishida And Tarek Agag, Elsevier B.V., 2011, ISBN 978-0-444-53790-4^{[page needed]}
^ Moon, J.H.; Shul, Y.G.; Han, H.S.; Hong, S.Y.; Choi, Y.S.; Kim, H.T. (August 2005). "A study on UV-curable adhesives for optical pick-up: I. Photo-initiator effects". International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 25 (4): 301–312. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2004.09.003.
^ Rimdusit, Sarawut; Kunopast, Pathomkorn; Dueramae, Isala (September 2011). "Thermomechanical properties of arylamine-based benzoxazine resins alloyed with epoxy resin". Polymer Engineering & Science. 51 (9): 1797–1807. doi:10.1002/pen.21969.
^ Ishida, Hatsuo; Allen, Douglas J. (1996). "Physical and mechanical characterization of near-zero shrinkage polybenzoxazines". Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 34 (6): 1019–1030. Bibcode:1996JPoSB..34.1019I. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19960430)34:6<1019::AID-POLB1>3.0.CO;2-T.
^ de Souza, Lucio Rossi; d’Almeida, José Roberto M.; Cheng, Xiang; Rong, Li-Han; Caldona, Eugene B.; Advincula, Rigoberto C. (1 March 2022). "Highly thermally stable copolymers of epoxy and trifunctional polybenzoxazine". Materials Today Communications. 30: 102988. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102988. ISSN 2352-4928. S2CID 244430189.
^ "Properties of Polybenzoxazines". Polymerdatabase.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2020-01-20.

[1] "Benzoxazine Thermoset Resins" (PDF). Huntsman. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2015.^{[verification needed]}

[2] Handbook of Benzoxazine Resins, ed. Hatsuo Ishida And Tarek Agag, Elsevier B.V., 2011, ISBN 978-0-444-53790-4^{[page needed]}

[3] Moon, J.H.; Shul, Y.G.; Han, H.S.; Hong, S.Y.; Choi, Y.S.; Kim, H.T. (August 2005). "A study on UV-curable adhesives for optical pick-up: I. Photo-initiator effects". International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 25 (4): 301–312. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2004.09.003.

[4] Rimdusit, Sarawut; Kunopast, Pathomkorn; Dueramae, Isala (September 2011). "Thermomechanical properties of arylamine-based benzoxazine resins alloyed with epoxy resin". Polymer Engineering & Science. 51 (9): 1797–1807. doi:10.1002/pen.21969.

[5] Ishida, Hatsuo; Allen, Douglas J. (1996). "Physical and mechanical characterization of near-zero shrinkage polybenzoxazines". Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 34 (6): 1019–1030. Bibcode:1996JPoSB..34.1019I. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19960430)34:6<1019::AID-POLB1>3.0.CO;2-T.

[6] Souza, Lucio Rossi; d’Almeida, José Roberto M.; Cheng, Xiang; Rong, Li-Han; Caldona, Eugene B.; Advincula, Rigoberto C. (1 March 2022). "Highly thermally stable copolymers of epoxy and trifunctional polybenzoxazine". Materials Today Communications. 30: 102988. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102988. ISSN 2352-4928. S2CID 244430189.

[7] "Properties of Polybenzoxazines". Polymerdatabase.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2020-01-20.

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