Beli (Old Norse: [ˈbele]) is a jötunn in Norse mythology. He is said in eddic poetry to have been killed by the god Freyr.[1] Saturn's moon Beli is named after him.
Name
editThe Old Norse name Beli has been translated as 'roarer'.[2][3] It is related to the Old Norse weak verb belja ('to roar'; cf. Icelandic belja, Old Swedish bälia 'to roar').[2]
Attestations
editEddas
editIn Gylfaginning (The Beguiling of Gylfi), the god Freyr is forced to fight weaponless against the giant Beli, since he has given his sword to his servant Skírnir before sending him to court Gerðr for his master. Freyr eventually manages to kill the giant with the antler of a hart (stag).[3][1]
In Völuspá (Prophecy of the Völva), Freyr is portrayed as "Beli's slayer" (bani Belja, 53).[3][4]
Skaldic poetry
editIn Háleygjatal, written by 10th-century skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir, Freyr is called "Beli's enemy" (Belja dólgr), and Þjóðólfr of Hvinir uses the kenning "evil troop of Beli" (bölverðung Belja) in his Haustlöng.[4]
Theories
editAccording to scholar John Lindow, the killing of Beli is part of an older myth that has been lost and "can be glimpsed only in passing".[1]
Elsewhere in Skírnismál (The Lay of Skírnir), Gerðr complains of the slaying of her brother by Frey, which some scholars have interpreted as evidence that she was the sister of Beli.[1] According to Orchard, "it is clear that Gerd’s reluctance to accept Frey’s favours is based in no small part on her grief for her unnamed brother, whom Frey might have killed. It is therefore possible that Beli is the brother of Gerd, although Frey’s traditional weaponlessness, most tellingly at Ragnarok against Surt, renders the identification uncertain."[3]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Lindow 2002, p. 73.
- ^ a b de Vries 1962, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d Orchard 1997, p. 16.
- ^ a b Clunies Ross 2005, p. 98 (note 11).
Bibliography
edit- de Vries, Jan (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (1977 ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-05436-3.
- Clunies Ross, Margaret (2005). A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-279-8.
- Faulkes, Anthony, trans. (1987). Edda (1995 ed.). Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3.
- Lindow, John (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983969-8.
- Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-34520-5.