The Batwa–Luba clashes were a series of clashes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between the Pygmy Batwa people,[a] and the Luba people that began in 2013 and ended in 2018.
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Background
editThe pygmy Batwa, regionally also called Bambuti[4] or Bambote,[5] are often exploited and allegedly enslaved[1] by the Luba and other Bantu groups. While the pygmy never organized militarily to resist, starting with the First Congo War, rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who won the war, organized the Twa into paramilitary groups to help him. His son, Joseph Kabila, who succeeded him, used these militias in the Second Congo War and against the predominantly Luba Mai-Mai Kata Katanga.[6]
Course of the conflict
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In Tanganyika Province, in the northern part of the former Katanga Province, starting in 2013, Pygmy Batwa rose up into militias, such as the "Perci" militia, and attacked Luba villages.[1] In Nyunzu Territory, the pygmy hunter-gatherers organized into militias for the first time in known history.[5] A Luba militia known as "Elements" attacked back, notably killing at least 30 people in the "Vumilia 1" displaced people camp in April 2015. Since the start of the conflict, hundreds have been killed and tens of thousands have been displaced from their homes.[1] The weapons used in the conflict are often arrows, axes, and machetes, rather than guns.[5][7]
In October 2015, Pygmy and Luba leaders signed a peace deal to end the conflict.[8] In September 2016, the United Nations along with provincial authorities established local councils called "baraza" to address grievances and this appeared to reduce the violence.[6] However, clashes intensified at the end of 2016,[9] as the government tried to enforce a tax on caterpillars that the Batwa harvest as a major source of income to sell as a delicacy around the capital Kinshasa,[7][10] while the military attempted to arrest a Twa warlord.[6] Both of these events led to a violent backlash and a spread of the fighting.[6][7] Twa militias also started to target Tutsis, another Bantu group, by slaughtering their cows.[6]
A ceasefire brokered by the United Nations in February 2017 failed, and the violence continued.[11] The International Rescue Committee said more than 400 villages were destroyed between July 2016 and March 2017.[3] In August 2017, the clashes intensified after Batwa attacked a group of Luba near Kalemie; in course of the following fighting about 50 people died, most of them Luba.[12] Batwa fighters also attacked a MONUSCO convoy with arrows. A number of Blue Helmets were wounded, though they still opted not to return fire.[7]
By the end of 2017, the economy in Tanganyika had mostly collapsed, while fields could no longer be harvested.[13] As result, malnutrition spread amongst those who had fled,[3] as well as those who stayed at their homes.[13] However, open fighting had largely ceased by early 2018, although both sides still treated each other with mistrust.[3]
On 5 June 2020, the National Assembly passed a bill to recognize the rights of indigenous peoples, including the Batwa.[14]
Casualties
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Deaths
editMore than a thousand people were killed in the first eight months of 2014 alone.[6]
Displaced people
editThe number of displaced people are estimated to be 650,000 as of December 2017.[3] Around March 2017, 543,000 had fled, up from 370,000 in December 2016, the strongest growth of the current conflicts in the Congo, which has the largest population of displaced people in Africa. Many refugees are allegedly forced by the government to leave the camps and return to their homes, where the fighting still continues.[6]
Notes
edit- ^ The two major divisions of Pygmies in the DRC are the Bambuti, or Mbuti, who largely live in the Ituri forest in the northeast, and the Batwa, but many Batwa in certain areas of the country also refer to themselves as Bambuti.[4]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f "DR Congo: Ethnic Militias Attack Civilians in Katanga". Human Rights Watch. 11 August 2015. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Stricken by communal violence and malnutrition in Tanganyika, Democratic Republic of the Congo". International Committee of the Red Cross. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Democratic Republic of the Congo - Batwa and Bambuti". Minority Rights Group International. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
- ^ a b c "In Congo, Wars Are Small and Chaos Is Endless". The New York Times. 30 April 2016. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Displaced Congolese civilians sent back to a widening war". irinnews.com. 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- ^ a b c d Mühlbauer, Peter (1 September 2017). "Kongo: Pygmäen gegen Bantu". Heinz Heise (in German). Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ "Pygmy and Bantu leaders sign peace deal in southeast Congo". Reuters. 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo Humanitarian Situation Report" (PDF). Reliefweb. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
- ^ "'Caterpillar tax': DR Congo ethnic clash sees 16 killed". BBC. 18 October 2016. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ Johnson, Dominic (1 September 2017). "Vertrieben und schutzlos". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ "Dozens killed in ethnic violence in eastern Congo". Reuters. 6 August 2017. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Tanganyika: At a snail's pace". International Committee of the Red Cross. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Eunice Nsikak Olembo (16 June 2020). "Overlooked no more: A Victory for the Indigenous Batwa of the Democratic Republic of Congo". minorityrights.org. Retrieved 21 March 2022.