Battle of Ümera (Estonian: Ümera lahing), also known as the Battle of Imera (Latvian: Kauja pie Imeras), was a battle during the Livonian Crusade between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, their Christian Livonian and Latgalian allies, and the Estonians.[1] The Battle was fought near the Jumara, a tributary of the Gauja River in August or September 1210.[2]
| Battle of Ümera | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Livonian crusade | |||||||
.gif) Map of the landscape | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
|
Brothers of the Sword Livonians Latgalians | Estonians | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Arnold Caupo of Turaida Bertold † Wane † | Unknown | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 500–1,000 (including 200 Germans, about 20 of them knights) | 500–1,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 100+ casualties | Unknown | ||||||
Battle
editOrder of Battle
editThe Crusaders were the led by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, whose leader was Landmarschall Arnold. Caupo of Turaida was the leader of the Christian Livonians, and the leader of the Christian Latgalians is unknown.[2] The military vanguard consisted entirely of members of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, and consisted of around twenty soldiers.[2] Estonian leadership is entirely unknown.
Background
editFollowing the Estonian retreat after their failed siege at Cēsis, which was controlled by the Wends and Brothers of the Sword.[2] Caupo of Turaida and the Brothers of the Sword decided to mostly abandon the garrison and follow the retreating Estonian forces, who had crossed the Jumara. The Crusaders decided to wait for reinforcements before engaging the Estonians, however grew impatient and decided to attack.[2] The Estonian forces had set up an ambush at its tributary and were hiding in the forests.[2]
Battle
editThe Crusaders decided to cross the Jumara after having believed that the Estonians were fleeing in haste, however were either attacked, or were demanded to surrender by the Estonians after having been surrounded and encircled.[3] The Brothers of the Sword attempted to break free from the encirclement by force,[4] fighting their way out of the encirclement, the Christian Latgalians and Livonians followed suit, however around one-hundred of them were captured by the Estonians.[4]
The losses the Crusaders faced could have been much greater in reality than mentioned by Henry of Latvia.[5][3] The Estonian victory over the Crusaders was a significant morale boost, as messages were sent to all counties with a promise to be as "one heart and one soul against the Christian name".[6]
According to the Livonian Chronicle, some of the prisoners were immediately executed, while others were burned alive and some had crosses carved on their backs with swords, before being executed as well.
References
edit- ^ Niitemaa, Vilho; Hovi, Kalervo (1991). Baltian historia (in Finnish). Tammi. ISBN 978-951-30-9112-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Lettis), Henricus (de (2003). Henrikin Liivinmaan kronikka (in Finnish). Suomalaisen Sirjallisuuden Seura. pp. XIV.8, XIV.7. ISBN 978-951-746-521-2.
- ^ a b Vahtre, Sulev (1990). Muinasaja loojang Eestis: vabadusvõitlus, 1208 - 1227. Tallinn: Olion. ISBN 978-5-450-01313-8.
- ^ a b "Ajaloolase värske teooria: Ümera lahingut võisid alustada hoopiski sakslased - Maaleht". 2014-07-25. Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Eesti Loodus". vana.loodusajakiri.ee. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Mäesalu, Ain (1997). Eesti ajalugu (1. osa). Avita. p. 168. ISBN 9985-2-0043-8.