The Battle of the Paracel Islands (Chinese: 西沙海战, Pinyin: Xisha Haizhan；Vietnamese: Hải chiến Hoàng Sa) was an engagement between the Chinese and South Vietnamese navies near the Paracel Islands on January 19, 1974. The battle was part of an attempt by the South Vietnamese navy to remove the Chinese navy from the area towards the end of the Vietnam War.
| Battle of the Paracel Islands | |||||||||
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| Part of the Vietnam War | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 China |
 South Vietnam | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Rear admiral Lâm Ngươn Tánh Colonel Hà Văn Ngạc Brigadier general Hồ Văn Kỳ Thoại | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
Prior to the conflict, part of the Paracel Islands was controlled by China and another part was controlled by South Vietnam. The battle resulted in a victory for China over South Vietnam. Consequently, the PRC occupied the portion formerly controlled by South Vietnam and established full de facto control over the Paracels.
Background
editConfrontation in the Paracels
editThe Paracels are in the South China Sea approximately 300 kilometers south of China and 370 kilometers east Vietnam. The islands are divided into the northern Amphitrite Group, and the Crescent Group 80 kilometers to the southwest. The islands were subject to overlapping territorial claims by multiple countries. By the early 1970s, the Amphitrite Group and Crescent Group were controlled by China and South Vietnam respectively, and both countries were engaged in hydrocarbon exploration.[2]
Tensions between China and South Vietnam in the South China Sea increased starting from the summer of 1973. South Vietnam claimed additional islands in the Spratlys to the south, and Chinese fishing ships established operations in the Crescent Group. Confrontations between the fishing ships and Republic of Vietnam Navy (RVNN) warships began in November 1973. On 14 January 1974, RVNN frigate HQ-16 fired warning shots at Chinese fishing ships near Robert Island and shelled the Chinese flag erected on the island. The frigate was joined by the destroyer HQ-4 on 17 January, which landed commandos to remove more flags on Robert and Money Islands. The frigate HQ-5 and minesweeper HQ-10 arrived in the evening.[3]
China's response
editChina deployed forces after the RVNN presence was reported by fishing ships.[4] The People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) response was improvised.[5] The fleet was in disrepair due to the Cultural Revolution.[6] Command and control was poor throughout the operation.[5]
On 16 January, two Kronshtadt-class submarine chasers, 271 and 274, were ordered to Woody Island in the Amphitrite Group from the Yulin Naval Base in Hainan. They resupplied and embarked Maritime Militia at Woody the next day before proceeding to the Crescent Group. A Shenyang J-6 escorted the ships south, but it was operating at extreme range and had only five minutes of loiter time over the Paracels. The ships were ordered not to cause trouble, not to fire first, and not to "get the worst of it."[4] Four ten-member militia platoons deployed onto Duncan, Drummond, and Palm Islands early on 18 January.[4]
More distant PLAN ships were ordered south as 271 and 274 reached the Crescent Group: the Guangzhou-based T010 minesweepers 389 and 396, and the Shantou-based Hainan class submarine chasers 281 and 282. 389 had just finished major repairs and had not yet been cleared for service. The South Sea Fleet's two Type 065 frigates were out-of-service due to mechanical problems.[6]
The RVNN had larger ships, and larger guns with longer range. To this the PLAN's ships had maneuverability and speed.[7]
The weather remained good throughout the operation. Poor weather, and its impact on seakeeping, would have had a greater effect on the smaller PLAN ships.[5]
Battle
editNaval engagement
editOn the morning of 19 January, the RVNN divided into two groups — HQ-4 with HQ-5 and HQ-10 with HQ-16 — which approached the PLAN from different directions. The first group was monitored by 271 and 274, and latter was shadowed by 389 and 396. HQ-16 forced its way through, ramming and damaging 389, and launched boats with commandos toward Duncan and Palm Islands. The Chinese militia killed one commando and wounded three others; the commandos retreated back to their ship.[8]
Unable to dislodge the Chinese, the RVNN opened fire on the PLAN, and aimed for bridges. 274's political commissar, Feng Songbai, was killed. 389 was set on fire and began flooding. The faster PLAN closed the range to tens of meters, sheltering in the blind spots of the RVNN's deck guns and negating the RVNN's firepower advantage. At such ranges the PLAN's smaller guns were effective. The Chinese aimed at command posts, and communications and sensor equipment. 271 and 274 attacked HQ-4, which began filling with smoke. 389 and 396 forced HQ-16 to retreat, then attacked HQ-10; HQ-10's magazine exploded and her captain was killed by small-arms fire. HQ-4, HQ-5, and HQ-16 retreated to the west and did not reengage. 389's fire could not be extinguished and she was beached on Duncan Island.[7]
281 and 282 were delayed by slow communications[5] and arrived after noon. They sank HQ-10 south of Antelope Reef.[7]
China occupies the Crescent Group
editChina moved quickly to exploit the naval victory. The South Sea Fleet deployed three amphibious assault flotillas to capture the Crescent Group islands. The first flotilla had four patrol craft and two fishing boats carrying an infantry company. The second flotilla had four patrol craft and 396 carrying an infantry company and an amphibious reconnaissance team. The third flotilla was a frigate which acted as the command ship and carried an infantry company. In all, there were 500 troops including militia.[1]
On the morning of 20 January, troops from the first flotilla captured Robert Island in about ten minutes. Shortly after, the second flotilla attacked Pattle Island; 30 South Vietnamese troops, including an RVN army major, and a United States (US) liaison officer were captured. Money Island was abandoned by RVN commandos and captured without fighting.[1]
Aftermath
editChinese consolidation
editChina continued to reinforce the Paracels in anticipation of a counterattack by South Vietnam. These included three East Sea Fleet Type 01 frigates, armed with SY-1 anti-ship missiles. Mao Zedong ordered the ships to sail through the Taiwan Strait, the fastest route but which exposed them to attack from Taiwan; the ships transited without incident. The South Sea Fleet's three Type 033 submarines conducted patrols; at the height of the crisis one was authorized to attack RVNN ships moving toward the islands. By July 1974, tensions had eased and China began its effort to expand its permanent presence in the Paracels.[9]
South Vietnamese threats
editSouth Vietnam tried to raise a complaint against China in the United Nations Security Council, but gave up on 25 January due to the Chinese veto.[10]
President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu traveled to Da Nang to supervise the response. The armed forces went on heightened alert. The RVNN deployed ships to Da Nang and the Paracels. No counterattack occurred. China had secured local superiority, especially with the arrival of the PLAN's Type 01 frigates.[11] The United States refused South Vietnam's requests for assistance.[12][13]
South Vietnamese casualties
editThe South Vietnamese reported that the warship Nhật Tảo was sunk and Lý Thường Kiệt heavily damaged, while Trần Khánh Dư and Trần Bình Trọng were both slightly damaged. 75 South Vietnamese soldiers, including Captain Ngụy Văn Thà of Nhật Tảo, were killed, and 16 were wounded.[14] On January 20, 1974, the Dutch tanker, Kopionella, found and rescued 23 survivors of the sunken Nhật Tảo. On January 29, 1974, South Vietnamese fishermen found 15 South Vietnamese soldiers near Mũi Yến (Qui Nhơn) who had fought on Quang Hòa island and escaped in lifeboats.
After their successful amphibious assault on January 20, the Chinese held 48 prisoners, including an American advisor.[1] They were later released in Hong Kong through the Red Cross.
Chinese casualties
editThe Chinese claimed that even though its ships had all been hit numerous times, none of them had been sunk. Warships 271 and 396 suffered speed-reducing damage to their engines, but both returned to port safely and were repaired. 274 was damaged more extensively and had to stop at Yongxing Island for emergency repairs. It returned to Hainan under its own power the next day.[15]
389 was damaged the most by an engine room explosion. Its captain managed to run his ship aground and put out the fire with the help of the minesweepers. It was then towed back to base. 18 Chinese sailors were killed and 67 were wounded in the battle.[15]
Aftermath
editThe "Operation Tran Hung Dao 48" was a campaign conducted by the South Vietnamese Navy in February 1974 to station troops on unoccupied islands to assert Vietnam's sovereignty over the Spratly archipelago after the Battle of the Paracel Islands.[16]
A potential diplomatic crisis was averted when China released the American prisoner taken during the battle. Gerald Emil Kosh, 27, a former U.S. Army captain, was captured with the South Vietnamese on Pattle Island. He was described as a “regional liaison officer” for the American embassy in Saigon on assignment with the South Vietnamese Navy.[10] China released him from custody on January 31 without comment.[17][18]
The leaders of North Vietnam gave a glimpse of their worsening relationship with China by conspicuously not congratulating their ally. An official communique issued by the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam mentioned only its desire for a peaceful and negotiated resolution for any local territorial dispute. In the wake of the battle, North Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister Nguyễn Cơ Thạch told the Hungarian ambassador to Hanoi that "there are many documents and data on Vietnam's archipelago." Other North Vietnamese cadres told the Hungarian diplomats that in their view, the conflict between China and the Saigon regime was but a temporary one. However, they later said the issue would be a problem of the entire Vietnamese nation.[19]
After the reunification of Vietnam in July 1976, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam publicly renewed its claim to the Paracels by succeeding all claims from the provisional Republic of South Vietnam government, which itself had directly replaced and inherited all rights of the Republic of Vietnam. Hanoi has carefully praised the South Vietnamese forces that took part in the battle, while trying to avoid praising the South Vietnamese regime.[20]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Yoshihara 2016, p. 50.
- ^ Yoshihara 2016, pp. 44–56.
- ^ Yoshihara 2016, pp. 46–47.
- ^ a b c Yoshihara 2016, p. 47.
- ^ a b c d Yoshihara 2016, p. 55.
- ^ a b Yoshihara 2016, pp. 47–48.
- ^ a b c Yoshihara 2016, p. 49.
- ^ Yoshihara 2016, p. 48.
- ^ Yoshihara 2016, p. 51.
- ^ a b Gwertzman, Bernard (January 26, 1974). "Peking Reports Holding U.S. Aide". The New York Times. New York, NY. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
- ^ Yoshihara 2016, pp. 50–51.
- ^ "U.S. Cautioned 7th Fleet to Shun Paracels Clash". The New York Times. Reuters. January 22, 1974. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
- ^ "Chinese, Viet Rift Shunned by U.S." Albuquerque Journal. Albuquerque, NM. AP. January 21, 1974. Retrieved December 22, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Danh sách các quân nhân Việt Nam Cộng Hòa hi sinh trong Hải chiến Hoàng Sa 1974, Thanh Niên Online, 09/01/2014
- ^ a b Carl O. Schustser. "Battle for Paracel Islands".
- ^ Tien, Tran Nam (May 15, 2023). "The government of the Republic of Vietnam exercised and defended its sovereignty over the Spratly Islands (1956-1975)". VNUHCM Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Vol. 7, no. 1. pp. 1899–1908. doi:10.32508/stdjssh.v7i1.860. ISSN 2588-1043.
- ^ "The World: Storm in the China Sea - TIME". Archived from the original on December 14, 2007.
- ^ "American Captured on Disputed Island is Freed by China". The New York Times. New York, NY. Reuters. January 31, 1974. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
- ^ Balázs Szalontai, Im lặng nhưng không đồng tình. BBC Vietnam, March 24, 2009: http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2009/03/090324_paracels_hanoi_reassessment.shtml .
- ^ For an overview of Hanoi's reactions to the Chinese occupation of the Paracels in 1974–1975, see also Chi-kin Lo, China's Policy toward Territorial Disputes. The Case of the South China Sea Islands (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 86–98.
Sources
edit- Yoshihara, Toshi (2016). "The 1974 Paracels Sea Battle: A Campaign Appraisal". Naval War College Review. 69 (2). U.S. Naval War College.
Further reading
edit- New York Times, "Saigon Says China Bombs 3 Isles and Lands Troops". 1/20/74.
- New York Times, "23 Vietnamese Survivors of Sea Battle Are Found". 1/23/74.