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Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople

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Bartholomew (Greek: Βαρθολομαῖος, Bartholomaĩos; Turkish: Bartholomeos; born 29 February 1940) is the 270th Archbishop of Constantinople, since 2 November 1991.[1] In accordance with his title, he is regarded as the primus inter pares (first among equals) in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and as a spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide.[a]

His All Holiness

Bartholomew
Archbishop of Constantinople-New Rome and Ecumenical Patriatch
Bartholomew in 2023
ChurchPatriarchate of Constantinople
DioceseConstantinople
SeeIstanbul
Installed2 November 1991
PredecessorDemetrios I
Orders
Ordination19 October 1969
Consecration25 December 1973
Personal details
Born
Dimitrios Arhondonis (Δημήτριος Αρχοντώνης, Dimítrios Archontónis)

(1940-02-29) 29 February 1940 (age 84)
Agioi Theodoroi (Zeytinliköy), Imbros (Gökçeada), Turkey
NationalityTurkish
DenominationEastern Orthodox
ResidenceFener, Istanbul, Turkey
Parents
  • Chrḗstos Archontṓnēs (father)
  • Merópē Archontṓnēs (mother)
Alma materPatriarchal Theological School (Halki seminary)
SignatureBartholomew's signature
Coat of armsBartholomew's coat of arms
Styles of
Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople
Reference styleHis All Holiness
Spoken styleYour All Holiness
Posthumous styleN/A

Bartholomew was born as Dimitrios Arhondonis (Greek: Δημήτριος Αρχοντώνης, Dimítrios Archontónis), in the village of Agios Theodoros (officially called Zeytinliköy) on the island of Imbros (later renamed Gökçeada by the Turkish government). After his graduation, he held a position at the Patriarchal Theological Seminary of Halki, where he was ordained a priest. Later, he served as metropolitan of Philadelphia and Chalcedon and he became a member of the Holy Synod as well as other committees, prior to his enthronement as Patriarch.

Bartholomew's tenure has been characterized by intra-Orthodox cooperation, intra-Christian and inter-religious dialogue, such as formal visits to Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Muslim leaders previously visited by an patriarch. He has exchanged numerous invitations with church and state dignitaries. His efforts to promote religious freedom and human rights, his initiatives to advance religious tolerance among the world's religions, as well as his efforts to promote ecology and the protection of the environment, have been widely noted, and these endeavors have earned him the title "The Green Patriarch".[19][20] Among his many international positions, he currently sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute.[21] In 2018 the Moscow Patriarchate broke communion with the Patriarchate as a result of disputes over his decision to grant autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.[22][23]

Early life and background

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Dimitrios Arhondonis was born in the village of Agioi Theodoroi on the island of Imbros (now Gökçeada, Turkey), son of Christos and Meropi Archodónis (née Skarlatos), both of Greek descent. He was the fourth and last child and as a boy helped his father in his coffee shop that also doubled as a barber's.[24]

He began his studies at Imbro, and went on to attend the Zografeion Lyceum high school in Istanbul, then entered the Theological School of Halki on the island of that name (Turkish: Heybeliada), in the Sea of Marmara. There he gained a doctorate in theology. On 13 August 1961 he was ordained deacon and in the years 1961-1963 completed military service in the Turkish army with the rank of sublieutenant. Following this, from 1963 to 1968, with a study bourse from the Patriarchate, he gained diplomas in postgraduate specialization at the Oriental Institute of the Gregorian University in Rome, the Institute of Bossey (Switzerland) and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Subsequently he gained a doctorate from Rome’s Gregorian University with a thesis regarding the codification of the canons and canonical decrees in the Orthodox Church, perfecting also in these years his knowledge of Latin, Italian, French, English and German.

Ordinations and ecclesiastical appointments

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Patriarchate

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As Patriarch, Bartholomew has been particularly active internationally. One of his first focuses has been on rebuilding the once-persecuted Eastern Orthodox churches of the former Eastern Bloc following the fall of Communism there in 1990. As part of this effort he has worked to strengthen ties among the various national churches and patriarchates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. He has also continued the reconciliation dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church started by his predecessors, and initiated dialogue with other faiths, including other Christian Churches, Muslims, and Jews.[25][26]

 
United States President Barack Obama meets with Bartholomew
 
Pope Francis and Bartholomew in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem

Environmentalism

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Further information: Christian views on environmentalism § Orthodox Churches, and Religion and environmentalism

He has also gained a reputation as a prominent environmentalist, putting the support of the Patriarchate behind various international environmental causes.[27] This has earned him the nicknames of "the Green Patriarch" and "the Green Pope",[28][29][30][31] and in 2002 he was honored with the Sophie Prize for his contribution to environmentalism.[32] He has also been honoured with the Congressional Gold Medal,[33] the highest award which may be bestowed by the Legislative Branch of the United States government.

Turkey

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In an interview published on 19 November 2006 in the daily newspaper Sabah, Bartholomew addressed the issues of religious freedom and the then upcoming papal trip to Turkey. He also referred to the closing of the Halki seminary by saying: "As Turkish citizens, we pay taxes. We serve in the military. We vote. As citizens we do everything. We want the same rights. But it does not happen... If Muslims want to study theology, there are 24 theology faculties. Where are we going to study?" He also addressed the issue of his ecumenical title and it not being accepted by the Turkish government: "We've had this title since the 6th century... The word ecumenical has no political content. [...] This title is the only thing that I insist on. I will never renounce this title."[34][35]

Ecumenical dialogue

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During his trip to Turkey in November 2006, Pope Benedict XVI traveled to Istanbul on the invitation of Bartholomew I. The pope participated in the feast day services of St. Andrew the First Apostle, the patron saint of the Church of Constantinople. This was the third official visit to the Patriarchate by a pope (the first being by Paul VI in 1967, and the second by John Paul II in 1979). He attended the papal inauguration of Pope Francis on 19 March 2013, paving the way for better Catholic–Orthodox relations. It was the first time that the spiritual head of Eastern Orthodox Christians had attended a papal inauguration since the Great Schism in 1054.[36][37] After, he invited Pope Francis to travel with him to the Holy Land in 2014 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the embrace between Patriarch Athenagoras and Pope Paul VI. Pope Francis was also invited to the Patriarchate for the feast day of Saint Andrew (30 November).[38]

It was after more than two decades as Patriarch, that Bartholomew was the target of an assassination plot which was planned to take place on 29 May 2013. One suspect was arrested and there is an ongoing search for two others.[39]

Support of refugees, reunification and peace

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On 16 April 2016 he visited, together with Pope Francis and Archbishop Hieronymus, the Moria Refugee Camp in the island of Lesbos, to call the attention of the world to the refugee issue.[40] In December 2018, he visited the Korean DMZ and prayed for permanent peace and unification on the Korean Peninsula.[41][42]

Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine

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Main article: Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine
 
Bartholomew with Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, 3 November 2018

In October 2018 the synod of the Patriarchate agreed to grant autocephaly (self governing) to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, and to revoke the legal binding of the letter of 1686 which led to the Russian Orthodox Church establishing jurisdiction over the all of Rus’s Church (including those located within borders of current Ukraine) and to lift the excommunications which affected clergy and faithful of two then unrecognized Orthodox churches in Ukraine, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP). In response to revoking a legal binding letter, the Russian Orthodox Church announced it was cutting ties of communion with the Patriarchate, which marked the beginning of the 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism.[43]

On 5 January 2019, Bartholomew granted autocephaly to the newly founded Orthodox Church of Ukraine by Canonical act.[44]

Possession of Vatican St. Peter Bone Fragments

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On 2 July 2019, it was announced that Pope Francis had given Bartholomew possession of nine bone fragments believed to belong to St. Peter and which were publicly displayed by Pope Francis in November 2013 during a Vatican 'Year of Faith' Mass.[45] Bartholomew, who also gained possession of the bronze reliquary in which they are displayed,[45] described the Pope's gesture as "brave and bold".[45]

Macedonian Orthodox Church

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In 2022, the Patriarchate accepted the Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid into communion, recognized North Macedonia as a canonical jurisdiction.[46][47]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

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Bartholomew with Patriarch Kirill of Moscow in 2010

Bartholomew has criticized both the Russian state and the Russian church for the invasion of Ukraine, calling it a crime of aggression and saying that it has caused enormous suffering both to the Ukrainian and the Russian people.[48] In Patriarch Bartholomew‘s opinion he says "This is the theology that the sister Church of Russia began to teach, trying to justify an unjust, unholy, unprovoked, diabolical war against a sovereign and independent country – Ukraine."[49]

Distinctions

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Orders

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Academic

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He received an honorary doctorate from the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in South Korea on 23 June 2005.

In October 2009, he received an honorary doctorate from Fordham University in the United States.[57]

He received an honorary PhD. from The Hebrew University in Jerusalem on 6 December 2017.[58]

In December 2018, he received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in Ukraine.[59]

In October 2021, he received an honorary degree from the University of Notre Dame in the United States.[60]

On the 6 October 2024, Patriarch Bartholomew received a Doctor of Divinity honoris causa from The University of Notre Dame Australia in recognition of his inspiring work to unify contemporary society.[61]

Other

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On 1 November 2021, Bartholomew received the Human Dignity Award from the American Jewish Committee (AJC), a global Jewish advocacy organization. The AJC honor recognizes Bartholomew's singular care for humanity and the environment, exceptional commitment to interreligious coexistence, and indispensable advancement of Orthodox-Jewish relations.

On 3 December 2013, he received the Global Thinkers Forum 2013 Award for Excellence in Peace and Collaboration.[62]

In 2012, he received the Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Worship.[63]

In 1997, Bartholomew received the Congressional Gold Medal. The Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom are the highest civilian awards given by the United States.[64]

In 2002, he received the Sophie Prize for his work on the environment.[65]

In April 2008, he was included on the Time 100 most influential people in the world list.[66] On 13 March 2007, the third anniversary of the death of Cardinal Franz König, Bartholomew was awarded in Vienna's St. Stephen Cathedral the "Cardinal König Prize" from the Foundation "Communio et Progressio".[67]

In October 2022, he was one of the first faith leaders to have an audience with King Charles III.[68]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ See:[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

References

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  1. ^ John Meyendorff, John Chapin, Nicolas Lossky(1981), The Orthodox Church: its past and its role in the world today, Crestwood, N.Y. : St Vladimir's Seminary Press, p.132 ISBN 0-913836-81-8
  2. ^ Fitzgerald, Thomas E. (1998). The Orthodox Church. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-275-96438-2. THE VISIT OF THE PATRIARCH Patriarch Dimitrios I of Constantinople, together with a delegation that included five Metropolitans made an unprecedented visit to the United States 2–29 July 1990. Among the delegation was the present patriarch, Bartholomew, who succeeded Patriarch Dimitrios in 1991. Although other Orthodox patriarchs had visited this country in the past, this was the first visit of the Patriarch. His visit had a special significance because he is viewed as the first bishop of the Orthodox Church. As such, the Patriarch is frequently looked upon as the spiritual leader of the 300 million Orthodox Christians throughout the world
  3. ^ Holt, Andrew P.; Muldoon, James (2008). Competing Voices from the Crusades. Greenwood World Pub. p. xiv. ISBN 978-1-84645-011-2. ...one made during a visit to Greece in 2001 for the crusaders' sack of Constantinople in 1204. Three years later, Patriarch Bartholomew I, the spiritual leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians, finally accepted the Pope's
  4. ^ Eastern Churches Journal: A Journal of Eastern Christendom. Society of Saint John Chrysostom. 2004. p. 181. His All Holiness Patriarch Bartholomew is the 270th successor to the Apostle Andrew and spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.
  5. ^ Stewart, Dona J. (2013). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-415-78243-2. Bartholomew I, the Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.
  6. ^ W. El-Ansary; D. Linnan (26 November 2010). Muslim and Christian Understanding: Theory and Application of "A Common Word". Springer. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-230-11440-1. Patriarch Bartholomew is the 270th Archbishop to the 2,000-year-old Church of Constantinople (Istanbul), "first among equals" of Orthodox bishops worldwide, and spiritual leader to 300 million faithful.
  7. ^ Jewish Political Studies Review. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 2001. p. 8. Bartholomew I, the Patriarch of Constantinople, the spiritual leader of an estimated 300 million Orthodox Christians around the ..
  8. ^ Moore, Kathleen Dean; Nelson, Michael P. (15 April 2011). Moral Ground: Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril. Trinity University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-59534-105-1. Bartholomew I, the Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.
  9. ^ The Living Church. The Living Church by Morehouse-Gorham Company. 1997. p. 3. the Patriarch of Constantinople, Bartholomew I, is now touring 14 cities on his first visit to the United States. The 57-year-old leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians wore a gold and crimson mandya with train and tinkling bells
  10. ^ Marshall, Katherine; Keough, Lucy (2005). Finding Global Balance: Common Ground Between the Worlds of Development and Faith. World Bank Publications. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8213-6247-1. Bartholomew I, the Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.
  11. ^ Bassett, Libby; United Nations Environment Programme (2000). Earth and Faith: A Book of Reflection for Action. UNEP/Earthprint. p. 16. ISBN 978-92-807-1915-4. Bartholomew I, the Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.
  12. ^ Fairchild, Mary. "Christianity:Basics:Eastern Orthodox Church Denomination". about.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  13. ^ Taylor, Bron (10 June 2008). Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. A&C Black. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-4411-2278-0. The spiritual leader of the over 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide, Patriarch Bartholomew – who has widely ...
  14. ^ "The Patriarch Bartholomew". 60 Minutes. CBS. 20 December 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  15. ^ "Quick facts about the Patriarch of Constantinople". Patriarch of Constantinople. Retrieved 18 June 2011. His All Holiness Patriarch Bartholomew serves as the spiritual leader and representative worldwide voice of some 300 million Orthodox Christians throughout the world
  16. ^ "Biography – The Patriarchate". Patriarchate.org. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  17. ^ "Pope Francis Bows, Asks For Blessing From Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew In Extraordinary Display Of Christian Unity". HuffPost. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  18. ^ "Who is the Patriarch? – Apostolic Pilgrimage of Pope Francis and Patriarch Bartholomew to Jerusalem". Apostolicpilgrimage.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  19. ^ Simons, Marlise (3 December 2012). "Bartholomew I of Constantinople's Bold Green Stance – The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  20. ^ "The Green Patriarch – Apostolic Pilgrimage of Pope Francis and Patriarch Bartholomew to Jerusalem". Apostolicpilgrimage.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  21. ^ "Elijah Interfaith – Sharing Wisdom Fostering Peace". Elijah-interfaith.org. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  22. ^ "Russian Orthodox Church breaks "Eucharistic communion" with Patriarcate of Constantinople - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  23. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (15 October 2018). "Russia Takes Further Step Toward Major Schism in Orthodox Church (Published 2018)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  24. ^ "Πατριάρχης Βαρθολομαίος: Παράλογο και άδικο να φοβούνται κάποιοι να κάνουν το εμβόλιο". CNN. 28 August 2021.
  25. ^ Patriarch Bartholomew I: Texts and Speeches (1991–1992) (1998) George C. Papademetriou; Journal of Ecumenical Studies 35
  26. ^ Recent Patriarchal Encyclicals on Religious Tolerance and Peaceful Coexistence (2002) George C. Papademetriou Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 39
  27. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (7 September 2021). "Christian leaders unite to issue stark warning over climate crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  28. ^ Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew: insights into an Orthodox Christian worldview (2007) John Chryssavgis International Journal of Environmental Studies, 64, (1);pp: 9 – 18
  29. ^ "The Green Patriarch". Patriarchate.org. Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  30. ^ "Orthodox Leader Deepens Progressive Stance on Environment". The New York Times. 3 December 2012.
  31. ^ "Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο". Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  32. ^ "The Sophie Prize 2002: The Jury's Decision - The Sophie Prize". www.sofieprisen.no. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  33. ^ "Congressional Gold Medal Recipients | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  34. ^ "Derin devlet açtırmıyor" (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 May 2007.
  35. ^ "Patriarch warns Turks against pope 'incidents' - CNN.com". Archived from the original on 19 November 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2006.
  36. ^ "Pope sets tone for humbler papacy, calls for defense of the weak". Reuters. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  37. ^ Pelowski, Alton J. (May 2013). "Our Eastern Brothers". Columbia. pp. 20–23.
  38. ^ "United against economic crisis and "worldly trends", Bartholomew and Francis to be in Jerusalem next year". AsiaNews.it. 20 March 2013.
  39. ^ Kaya, Bayram (10 May 2013). "One arrested as plot to assassinate Patriarch Bartholomew uncovered". Zaman. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  40. ^ "Pope Francis visits Lesbos". The Guardian. 16 April 2016.
  41. ^ "Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch hoping that North Korea will give up its nuclear weapons and to bring true peace". Yonhap News Agency. 8 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  42. ^ Lionberger, Erik (10 December 2018). "His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew visits the DMZ". 한국정교회 대교구(Orthodox Metropolis of Korea). Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  43. ^ "Russian Orthodox Church recognizes Patriarch Bartholomew as schismatic". TASS Russian News Agency. 20 October 2018.
  44. ^ "Patriarch Bartholomew signs Tomos of autocephaly of Orthodox Church of Ukraine". risu.org.ua. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  45. ^ a b c Wooden, Cindy (2 July 2019). "Pope gives relics of St. Peter to Orthodox patriarch". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  46. ^ "Phanar: Yes to the recognition, no to "Macedonia" for the Archdiocese of Ohrid". Orthodox Times.
  47. ^ "Κοβάτσεφσκι: Ευχαριστούμε τον Πατριάρχη Βαρθολομαίο για τον τερματισμό μιας ιστορικής αδικίας" [Kovacevski: We thank Patriarch Bartholomew for ending a historic injustice]. ieidiseis.gr (in Greek). 12 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  48. ^ "Russian Orthodox Church shares responsibility for Russia's aggression – Patriarch". Euromaidan Press. 23 March 2023.
  49. ^ "Patriarch Bartholomew firmly denied the possibility of "reconsidering" the granting of autocephaly to the Church of Ukraine". 3 September 2023.
  50. ^ Патриарх Константинопольский Варфоломей награжден орденом "Золотое руно" — высшим орденом Грузии для иностранных граждан [Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople was awarded the Order of the "Golden Fleece", the highest order of Georgia for foreign citizens]. Patriarchia.ru (in Russian). Русская Православная Церковь [Russian Orthodox Church]. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  51. ^ "The Patriarch of Constantinople Decorated By The Head Of The Royal House of Georgia". Royal House of Georgia. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  52. ^ "News from the Royal House of Georgia / Private audience with His Most Divine All Holiness Bartholomew I". The Royal House of Georgia. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  53. ^ "Arcibiskup Bartolomej I. navštívil Bratislavu – Fotogaléria". Webnoviny.sk. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  54. ^ Указ Президента України № 393/2013 [Decree of the President of Ukraine]. president.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Офіс Президента України [Office of the President of Ukraine]. 393/2013. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  55. ^ "President presented a high state award to Patriarch Bartholomew". Official website of the President of Ukraine. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  56. ^ "Matkoille". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 7 May 1993. p. A 4.
  57. ^ "Patriarch Receives Honorary Degree". Fordham University. 28 October 2003. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  58. ^ "Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew Doctor Honoris Causa of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem". 11 December 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  59. ^ "Вселенскому патриарху Варфоломею присвоено звание почетного доктора Национального университета "Киево-Могилянская академия"" [Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew was awarded the title of Honorary Doctor of the National University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy"]. Интерфакс-Украина [Interfax-Ukraine] (in Russian). 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  60. ^ "Academic Convocation and Honorary Degree Conferral on His All-Holiness Patriarch Bartholomew" (Press release). Office of the President, University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  61. ^ "Honorary Doctorate awarded to His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew during historic visit". 6 October 2024.
  62. ^ "Awards for Excellence". Global Thinkers Forum. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  63. ^ "Four Freedoms Awards". Roosevelt Institute. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  64. ^ "Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony". Patriarchate.org. Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  65. ^ "Prize Winners » 2002". The Sophie Prize. 12 June 2002. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  66. ^ Williams, Rowan (30 April 2009). "Bartholomew I". Time. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  67. ^ "Austria: the visit of Bartholomew I". SIR. 14 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021.
  68. ^ "The Royal Week 22-28 October 2022". Royal Family official website. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
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Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by
Unknown
 Metropolitan of Philadelphia
1973–1990 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Meliton (Hadjis)
 Metropolitan of Chalcedon
1990–1991 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
1991–present 		Incumbent
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