The Banate of Macsó or the Banate of Mačva[1] (Hungarian: macsói bánság, Serbian: Мачванска бановина / Mačvanska banovina) was an administrative division (banate) of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, which was located in the present-day region of Mačva, in modern Serbia.
| Banate of Macsó Banate of Mačva Macsói bánság Banatus Machoviensis Мачванска бановина Mačvanska banovina | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banate of the Kingdom of Hungary | |||||||||||
| 1254–1284 1319–1496 | |||||||||||
 The Banate of Macsó in 1490 | |||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 1254 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1496 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Serbia | ||||||||||
Name
edit
In Serbo-Croatian: Mačvanska banovina (Serbian Cyrillic: Мачванска бановина), Latin: Banatus Machoviensis, Hungarian: Macsói bánság.
History
editThe region of Mačva or Macsó came under Hungarian administration shortly after the death of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1180), but it was returned to emperor Isaac II Angelos upon conclusion of Byzantine-Hungarian alliance (1185). It was retaken by Hungarians (c. 1200) and later administered as part of the feudal domain of duke John Angelos of Syrmia. During that time, the region of Mačva was also known as the Lower Syrmia (lat. Sirmia ulterior).[2]
Rostislav Mikhailovich was mentioned among the dignitaries of Béla IV as Ban of Slavonia in 1247, and from 1254 onward he was mentioned as the Duke of Macsó (in Latin, dux de Macho).[3] This was the first mention of the Banate of Macsó. The banate was named after a town called Macsó (Mačva or Macho), but the location of this settlement has not been clearly established in modern times. It is suspected that the town existed a few kilometers down the river from modern Šabac.[citation needed]
The Banate of Macsó was ruled by several powerful bans. In the 13th century, Béla of Macsó (grandson of Hungarian king Béla IV and son of Rostislav Mikhailovich) ruled the Banate of Macsó as well as Usora and Soli (areas across Drina river in today's northeastern Bosnia).
Macsó soon become apple of discord between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbia. King Stephen Uroš I of Serbia tried to conquer it in 1268, but was defeated and captured by the Hungarians. In 1284, King Stephen Dragutin of Serbia, son of Uroš I, married Catherine of Hungary and received Macsó from King Ladislaus IV of Hungary.
Late Arpadian era
editFurther Hungarian expansion in the Balkans was interrupted by the Tatar invasion, the Hungarian rule in Cumania ceased, but the Banate of Szörény remained. The Balkan region only became the focus of Hungarian foreign policy after 1246-1247. The temporary confusion was resolved, and the duchy continued to exist for nearly forty years after the Tartar invasion. After the death of Stephen V, the strengthening of the defensive character seems to have been decisive, and six new fiefdoms were established between Croatia and the Banate of Szörény. During the Interregnum after the death of Andrew III, the power-gap let Bulgarians and Serbs to became the rulers of the region, and the Wallachians, who were in the course of becoming a nationality. [4]
Post Arpadian Era
editSince the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, Stephen Dragutin ruled an independent kingdom centered in Macsó, which also included regions of Usora and Soli in northern Bosnia, as well as Belgrade, Rudnik and Braničevo. This kingdom was known as the Kingdom of Syrmia (Srem) and Stephen Dragutin ruled it as king until his death in 1316.[5]
Macsó remained in the hands of Dragutin's son Stephen Vladislaus II until 1319. The northern part of the region along the river Sava was captured by King Charles I of Hungary while the southern part remained firmly under Serbian administration.[6]
In the 14th century, the bans of the Garai family (Paul I Garai, Nicholas I Garai and his son Nicholas II Garai) expanded their rule not only to Bosnia but also to Upper Syrmia and the last one also became the ban of Slavonia and Croatia, which were also parts of the Kingdom of Hungary at the time.
In the 1370s it was captured by Serbian Prince Lazar who in 1377–1378 donated several villages in Macsó to his newly founded monastery of Ravanica. Lazars's son despot Stefan Lazarević was officially granted with possession of Macsó by King Sigismund of Hungary in 1403 as a vassal of the Hungarian ruler. The territory got back to Hungary with Lazarević's death (1427). The Hungarian bans of Macsó existed during this period as well but only as titular holders and the title of ban was usually granted to the ispáns (counts) of southern counties of the Kingdom of Hungary.
The territory was conquered by the Ottomans around 1459, after the fall of the Serbian Despotate. The region was regained for the Kingdom of Hungary in 1476, when the fortress of Zaslon (modern Šabac) was taken.[7] By the end of the 15th century, title of ban was transferred to commanders of Belgrade, thus creating the Banate of Belgrade, that existed until final Ottoman conquest of Belgrade and Šabac in 1521.[8]
Administrative divisions
editAccording to the Treaty of Tata in 1426 Macsó was divided into several districts:[9]
Population
editThe population was mostly Serb and Orthodox, seen in a letter of pope Gregory IX dating 1229, where the pope had ordered the Archbishop of Kalocsa to convert the Orthodox Slavs in Lower Syrmia to the Roman rite.[10]
List of bans
edit| Term | Incumbent | Monarch | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1254–1262 | Rostislav[11] | Béla IV | "dominus de Machou"; king Béla IV's son-in-law; he might have been in office since 1247 |
| 1262–1272 | Béla[11] | Béla IV Stephen V |
"dux de Machou"; son of Rostislav; murdered in 1272 |
| 1272–1273 | Roland[12] | Ladislaus IV | gens Rátót; first ban; also palatine (1272–1273) |
| 1273 | Egidius[12] | Ladislaus IV | first rule; gens Monoszló; also ban of Bosnia (1273) |
| 1273 | John[12] | Ladislaus IV | |
| 1273 | Egidius[12] | Ladislaus IV | second rule; gens Monoszló; also ban of Bosnia (1273) |
| 1275 (?) | Albert[12] | Ladislaus IV | gens Ákos; only a non-authentic charter refers to him as ban |
| 1279 | Ugrin[12] | Ladislaus IV | "banus et dominus"; gens Csák; also master of the treasury (1277–1279) and ban of Bosnia (1279) |
| 1279–1284 | Elizabeth the Cuman[12] | Ladislaus IV | "ducissa de Machou [et de Bozna]"; widow of king Stephen V |
| 1284–1316 | Stefan Dragutin[12] | Ladislaus IV Andrew III Wenceslaus Otto Charles I |
vassal of the Hungarian monarch as king of Syrmia; formerly king of Serbia (1276–1282) |
| 1316–1317 | Stefan Vladislav II | Charles I | king of Syrmia |
| 1317–1319 | Stefan Milutin[13] | king of Serbia; Mačva under Serbian rule | |
| 1320–1328 | Paul Garai [13] | Charles I | Hungarian rule restored in 1319; also ispán of Bodrog, Valkó (1320–1328) and Syrmia Counties (1323–1328); castellan of Kőszeg |
| 1328–1334 | John Alsáni [13] | Charles I | also ispán of Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Valkó (1328–1334) and Bács Counties (1333–1334) |
| 1335–1339 | Nicholas Ostffy [13] | Charles I | also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1340–1353 | Dominic Ostffy [14] | Charles I Louis I |
brother of Nicholas Ostffy; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Syrmia, Valkó and Veszprém Counties |
| 1353–1354 | Andrew Lackfi[14] | Louis I | also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1354–1359 | Nicholas Csák [14] | Louis I | son of Ugrin Csák |
| 1359–1375 | Nicholas I Garai[14] | Louis I | also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1375–1381 | John Horvat[14] | Louis I | first rule; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1381–1382 | Paul Liszkói [14] | Louis I | also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1382–1385 | Stephen Kórógyi [14] | Mary | first rule; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1385–1386 | John Horvat[14] | Mary Charles II |
second rule; conspired against Mary; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties; self-declared ban and regent for anti-king Ladislaus of Naples until 1387 |
| 1386–1387 | John Bánfi de Alsólendva [14] | Mary | also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1387–1390 | Nicholas II Garai[14] | Sigismund | first rule; son of Nicholas I Garai; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Valkó (1387–1390) and Virovitica Counties (1388) |
| 1390–1392 | Stephen Losonci [14] | Sigismund | also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Valkó (1390–1392) and Bereg Counties (1391) |
| 1392–1393 | George Lackfi [14] | Sigismund | also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1393–1394 | Nicholas II Garai[15] | Sigismund | second rule; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1394–1397 | Nicholas Treutel [15] | Sigismund | also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| Stephen Kórógyi [15] | second rule; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties | ||
| 1397 | Peter Perényi[15] | Sigismund | first rule; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Valkó and Zemplén Counties |
| John Maróti [15] | first rule; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties | ||
| 1397–1400 | Francis Bebek [15] | Sigismund | together with John Maróti (1398–1402); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1398–1402 | John Maróti [15] | Sigismund | second rule; together with Francis Bebek (1397–1400) and with Peter Perényi (1400–1401); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties |
| 1400–1401 | Peter Perényi[15] | Sigismund | second rule; together with John Maróti (1398–1402); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| 1402 | Stephen Ludányi [15] | Sigismund | together with his brother, Thomas Ludányi; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties |
| Thomas Ludányi [15] | first rule; together with his brother, Stephen Ludányi; also bishop of Eger (1400–1403); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia and Valkó Counties | ||
| 1402–1403 | Ladislaus Újlaki [15] | Sigismund | first rule; together with John Maróti (1402–1410); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties |
| 1402–1410 | John Maróti [15] | Sigismund | third rule; together with Ladislaus Újlaki (1402–1403); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties |
| 1403 | Thomas Ludányi [15] | Sigismund | second rule; also bishop of Eger (1400–1403); ban for anti-king Ladislaus of Naples |
| 1410–1418 | Ladislaus Újlaki [15] | Sigismund | second rule; together with his brother, Emeric Újlaki; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties |
| Emeric Újlaki [15] | together with his brother, Ladislaus Újlaki; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties | ||
| 1419–1427 | Desiderius Garai [16] | Sigismund | first rule; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties |
| 1427–1428 | John Maróti [16] | Sigismund | fourth rule; together with Peter Cseh de Léva (1427–1431); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties |
| 1427–1431 | Peter Cseh de Léva [16] | Sigismund | together with John Maróti (1427–1428) and with Stephen Újlaki (1429–1430); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bars, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties |
| 1429–1430 | Stephen Újlaki [16] | Sigismund | son of Ladislaus Újlaki; together with Peter Cseh de Léva (1427–1431); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties |
| 1431–1441 | Ladislaus Garai[16] | Sigismund Albert Vladislaus I Ladislaus V |
first rule; son of Nicholas II Garai; together with Desiderius Garai (1431–1438); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Fejér, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties; as a supporter of Elizabeth of Luxembourg, deposed by Vladislaus I in 1441 |
| 1431–1438 | Desiderius Garai [16] | Sigismund Albert |
second rule; together with Ladislaus Garai (1431–1441); also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties |
| 1438–1477 | Nicholas of Ilok[16] | Albert Vladislaus I Ladislaus V Matthias I |
first rule; son of Ladislaus of Ilok; together with Ladislaus Garai (1431–1441), with Ladislaus Maróti (1441–1443), with Emeric Hédervári (1442–1445), with Ladislaus Garai (1445–1447), with Stephen Bebek (1447–1448), with John Kórógyi (1447–1456), with Paul Herceg de Szekcső (1456), with Michael Szilágyi (1456–1458) et al.; also ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna, Valkó (1438–1458), Fejér (1440–1448), Csanád, Csongrád, Temes (1441–1446) and Somogy Counties (1446–1458); also voivode of Transylvania (1441–1458, 1459–1472) and captain of Belgrade (1441–1458), count of the Székelys (1441–1446), ban of Severin (1445–1446), ban of Slavonia (1457–1466) and king of Bosnia (1472–1477) |
| 1441–1443 | Ladislaus Maróti [16] | Vladislaus I Ladislaus V |
son of John Maróti; together with Nicholas of Ilok (1438–1458); also ispán of Arad, Békés and Zaránd Counties |
| 1442–1445 | Emeric Hédervári [16] | Vladislaus I Ladislaus V |
together with Nicholas of Ilok (1438–1458) and with Ladislaus Maróti (1441–1443) |
| 1445–1447 | Ladislaus Garai [16] | Ladislaus V | second rule; together with Nicholas of Ilok (1438–1458); appointed palatine |
| 1447–1448 | Stephen Bebek [16] | Ladislaus V | together with Nicholas of Ilok (1438–1458) and with John Kórógyi (1447–1456) |
| 1447–1456 | John Kórógyi [17] | Ladislaus V | grandson of Stephen Kórógyi; together with Nicholas of Ilok (1438–1458) and with Stephen Bebek (1447–1448); also župan of Požega (1450–1456) and Vrbas (1453–1456) Counties |
| 1456 | Paul Herceg de Szekcső [17] | Ladislaus V | together with Nicholas of Ilok (1438–1458) |
| 1456–1458 | Michael Szilágyi[17] | Ladislaus V Matthias I |
first rule; together with Nicholas of Ilok (1438–1458); also captain of Belgrade (1456–1458); regent in 1458 |
| 1458–1459 | Nicholas Dombai [18] | Matthias I | |
| Peter Szokoli [18] | first rule | ||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Virgil Ciocîltan. The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
- ^ Moravcsik 1970, p. 94.
- ^ Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc. Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század).
- ^ W. Kovács, András (2015). "A Wass család cegei levéltára (Lappangó középkori oklevelek a nagyszebeni Brukenthal-gyűjteményben. Levéltár-történeti adatok)". Certamen. 2: 194–216. doi:10.51384/cert-02.18. ISSN 2393-4328.
- ^ Momčilo Spremić, Despot Đurađ Branković i Mačvanska banovina, Beograd 2005, 92-94.
- ^ Krstić 2016, p. 33–51.
- ^ Pálosfalvi 2018, p. 243-260.
- ^ Pálosfalvi 2018, p. 372-394.
- ^ G.Fejer, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, t.X, v. VI, Budae 1844, 809-813.
- ^ T.Smiciklas, Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, III, Zagreb 1905, 305-306.[1] Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2011, p. 50.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Zsoldos 2011, p. 51.
- ^ a b c d Engel 1996, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Engel 1996, p. 28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Engel 1996, p. 29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Engel 1996, p. 30.
- ^ a b c Engel 1996, p. 31.
- ^ a b Markó 2006, p. 446.
Sources
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- Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.
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- Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850439776.
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- Jireček, Constantin (1911). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 1. Gotha: Perthes.
- Jireček, Constantin (1918). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 2. Gotha: Perthes.
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- McDaniel, Gordon L. (1984). "On Hungarian-Serbian Relations in the Thirteenth Century: John Angelos and Queen Jelena" (PDF). Ungarn-Jahrbuch. 12 (1982-1983): München, 1984: 43–50.
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