The Banu al-Harith (Arabic: بَنُو الْحَارِث Banū al-Ḥārith or Arabic: بَنُو الْحُرَيْث Banū al-Ḥurayth) is an Arabian tribe which once governed the cities of Najran, Taif, and Bisha, now located in southern Saudi Arabia.
History
editOrigins and early history
editThe Banu Harith descend from the Qahtanite people, one of the most prominent Arab tribes originating from Yemen.[1] The earliest recorded ancestor of the Qahtanites is Joktan, one of the two sons of Eber. The Qahtanite people are divided into the two factions, the Himyarite and Kahlani tribes.[1] The Kahlani tribe can be further broken into smaller sub-groups which include the Banu Harith which was established by Harith bin Ka'b.[1][2] The Banu Harith converted to Judaism during pre-Islamic times.[3][4][5][6][7] They wore a jambiya on their belt and worked primarily in goldsmithing and repairing arms.[8]
The Banu Harith allied with Banu Madh'hij in order to launch an attack on Najran and they were able to successfully conquer the city.[9] Banu Harith lived peacefully beside Banu Hamdan and they were the most powerful house which ruled Najran for many centuries. This was brought to an end during the Christian invasion.[9] After the Christian conquest of Najran, a sub-clan of the tribe emigrated to the Dhank region of Oman while another emigrated south and founded the district of Bani Al Harith in Sana'a.[10][11]
In 523, the Himyarite king Dhu Nuwas (Dunaan), who had converted to Judaism, massacred the Christians there[where?].[12]
After the rise of Islam
editThey were included in Point 31 of the Constitution of Medina and honored as allies to the Muslims, being as "one nation", but retaining their Jewish religion.[13][14] They were given the same rights as Banu Awf and entered into mutual protection pacts with the Muslim tribes.[5]
The small remnants of Banu Harith continued to live semi-autonomously in the border city of Najran until the 1930s. As a result of the Saudi–Yemeni War the Saudis had conquered Najran in 1934. Persecution increased and the governor, Amir Turki bin Mahdi, allowed the Najrani Jews a single day to either evacuate or to convert to Islam. The Banu Harith fled south to Sana'a and Aden.[15][16][17] Their descendants currently make up a very small component of the Yemenite Jewish population which now mostly reside in Israel today.[18][19]
Notable people
edit- Harith bin Ka'b, a warrior and the founder of the Banu Harith.
- Dus ibn Milhan, a man who appealed to Dhu Nuwas after two of his sons were brutally murdered by the Christians who had captured Najran. After hearing of his plight, Dhu Nuwas swore to avenge the deaths and to liberate Jews of Najran.[20]
- Thebith ben Chorath, a 12th-century astrologist and mathematician.[21]
See also
edit- Chorath
- Bani Al Harith District, a Mikhlaf that was founded by a sub-clan of Banu al-Harith
References
edit- ^ a b c De Lacy O'Leary (2001). Arabia Before Muhammad. p. 18. ISBN 9780415244664.
- ^ ʻUmāra Ibn-ʻAlī al-Yamanī; Ibn Khaldun; Muhammad Ibn Yaqub Janadi; Henry Cassels Kay (2005). Yaman, its early mediæval history. Mansfield Centre, Conn.: Martino Publ. p. 217. ISBN 9781578985340. Originally published: London : Edward Arnold, 1892
- ^ "Islamproject.org". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
- ^ "Islamicstudy.org". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
- ^ a b Charles Kurzman, Liberal Islam, p. 172
- ^ Norman Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, p. 117
- ^ Lecker, Michael (1995). Judaism among Kinda and the Ridda of Kinda.
- ^ "Najrān". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ a b ʻUmāra Ibn-ʻAlī al-Yamanī; Ibn Khaldun; Muhammad Ibn Yaqub Janadi; Henry Cassels Kay (2005). Yaman, its early mediæval history. Mansfield Centre, Conn.: Martino Publ. p. 183. ISBN 9781578985340. Originally published: London : Edward Arnold, 1892
- ^ Samuel Barrett Miles (1919). The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf. ISBN 9781873938560.
- ^ Mitsuo Nakamura; Sharon Siddique; Omar Farouk Bajunid (2001). Islam and Civil Society in Southeast Asia. ISBN 9789812301116.
- ^ Najran Jews Archived 2019-11-14 at the Wayback Machine at Beit Hatfutsot websites.
- ^ "Ibn Ishaq's Record of the Constitution of Medina" (PDF). rogerlouismartinez.com. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ "www.balagh.net". Archived from the original on 24 May 2012.
- ^ Gilbert, Martin, "In Ishmael's House", 2000, (p. 5)
- ^ Ahroni, Reuben "Jewish emigration from the Yemen, 1951-98", 2001 (p. 27)
- ^ Shulewitz, Malka Hillel "The Forgotten Millions", 2000 (p.86)
- ^ Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab lands: A history and source book, p. 117
- ^ Moshe Gil, "The Origins of the Jews of Yathrib," J.S.A.I. 4 (1984)
- ^ The last Himyarite king
- ^ Catalogue of the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum. 1808.