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International Bureau of Weights and Measures

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The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (French: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, BIPM) is an intergovernmental organisation, through which its 59 member-states act on measurement standards in areas including chemistry, ionising radiation, physical metrology, as well as the International System of Units (SI) and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).[1] It is based in Saint-Cloud, near Paris, France. The organisation has been referred to as IBWM (from its name in English) in older literature.[note 1]

International Bureau of Weights and Measures
AbbreviationBIPM (from French name)
Formation20 May 1875; 149 years ago (1875-05-20)
TypeIntergovernmental
Location
Coordinates48°49′45.55″N 2°13′12.64″E / 48.8293194°N 2.2201778°E / 48.8293194; 2.2201778
Region served
Worldwide
Membership
64 member states
36 associate states (see the list)
Official language
French and English
Director
Martin Milton
Websitewww.bipm.org

Structure

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The BIPM is overseen by the International Committee for Weights and Measures (French: Comité international des poids et mesures, CIPM), a committee of eighteen members that meet normally in two sessions per year,[3] which is in turn overseen by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (French: Conférence générale des poids et mesures, CGPM) that meets in Paris usually once every four years, consisting of delegates of the governments of the Member States[4][5] and observers from the Associates of the CGPM. These organs are also commonly referred to by their French initialisms.

History

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The BIPM was created on 20 May 1875, following the signing of the Metre Convention, a treaty among 17 Member States (as of November 2018 there are now 59 members).[6][failed verification]

It is based at the Pavillon de Breteuil in Saint-Cloud, France, a 4.35 ha (10.7-acre) site (originally 2.52 ha or 6.2 acres)[7] granted to the Bureau by the French Government in 1876. Since 1969 the site has been considered international territory, and the BIPM has all the rights and privileges accorded to an intergovernmental organisation.[8] This status was further clarified by the French decree No 70-820 of 9 September 1970.[7]

Several significant changes to the BIPM have been made throughout its history during the meetings overseen by the CGPM. An example of this would be how in the 12th general council meeting (held in 1964), the BIPM's budget was increased from $300,000 to $600,000 per year.[9] A historic moment for the BIPM occurred during the 26th CGPM in 2018. At this council, it was decided that world standard for the units of kilograms, seconds, amperes, Kelvins, moles, candelas, and meters would be redefined to reflect constants in nature. This is the first time this has happened since the creation of the BIPM. These changes were made official on World Metrology Day in 2019.[10]

Beginning in 1970, the BIPM began publishing the SI Brochure, a document detailing an up-to-date version of the International System of Units.[11] As of November 2024, the most recent version of the SI Brochure was the 9th edition published in 2019.[12]

Function

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The BIPM has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements throughout the world, traceable to the International System of Units (SI). This task takes many forms, from direct dissemination of units to coordination through international comparisons of national measurement standards (as in electricity and ionising radiation).[citation needed]

Following consultation, a draft version of the BIPM Work Programme is presented at each meeting of the General Conference for consideration with the BIPM budget. The final programme of work is determined by the CIPM in accordance with the budget agreed to by the CGPM.[citation needed]

Currently, the BIPM's main work includes:[11][13][14]

  • Scientific and technical activities carried out in its four departments: chemistry, ionising radiation, physical metrology, and time
  • Liaison and coordination work, including providing the secretariat for the CIPM Consultative Committees and some of their Working Groups and for the CIPM MRA, and providing institutional liaison with the other bodies supporting the international quality infrastructure and other international bodies
  • Capacity building and knowledge transfer programs to increase the effectiveness within the worldwide metrology community of those Member State and Associates with emerging metrology systems
  • A resource centre providing a database and publications for international metrology

The BIPM is one of the twelve member organisations of the International Network on Quality Infrastructure (INetQI), which promotes and implements QI activities in metrology, accreditation, standardisation and conformity assessment.[15]

The BIPM has an important role in maintaining accurate worldwide time of day. It combines, analyses, and averages the official atomic time standards of member nations around the world to create a single, official Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).[16]

Directors

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Pavillon de Breteuil in Saint-Cloud, France

Since its establishment, the directors of the BIPM have been:[17][18]

Name Country Mandate Notes
Gilbert Govi Italy 1875–1877
J. Pernet Switzerland 1877–1879 Acting director
Ole Jacob Broch Norway 1879–1889
J.-René Benoît France 1889–1915
Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland 1915–1936
Albert Pérard France 1936–1951
Charles Volet Switzerland 1951–1961
Jean Terrien France 1962–1977
Pierre Giacomo France 1978–1988
Terry J. Quinn United Kingdom 1988–2003 Honorary director
Andrew J. Wallard United Kingdom 2004–2010 Honorary director
Michael Kühne Germany 2011–2012
Martin J. T. Milton United Kingdom 2013–present

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ English translations by government agencies have used the initialism IBWM in documentation.[2]

References

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  1. ^ "Welcome". BIPM. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  2. ^ "5 FAH-3 H-310 Organization acronyms". Foreign Affairs Manual. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  3. ^ "International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)". BIPM. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  4. ^ Pellet, Alain (2009). Droit international public. LGDJ. p. 574. ISBN 978-2-275-02390-8.
  5. ^ Schermers, Henry G.; Blokker, Niels M. (2018). International Institutional Law. Brill. pp. 302–303. ISBN 978-90-04-38165-0.
  6. ^ "Brief history of the SI". BIPM. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  7. ^ a b Page, Chester H; Vigoureux, Paul, eds. (20 May 1975). The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875–1975: NBS Special Publication 420. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. pp. 26–27.
  8. ^ "History of the Pavillon de Breteuil". BIPM. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  9. ^ Astin, A. V. (28 February 1964). "Weights and Measures". Science. 143 (3609): 974–976. Bibcode:1964Sci...143..974A. doi:10.1126/science.143.3609.974. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17743934.
  10. ^ Reed, EMAP: Emily Li, Graham Strzelecki, Maddie Rouse, and Andrew (1 February 2022). "26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM)". ArcGIS StoryMaps. Retrieved 31 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Wallard, Andrew J. (March 2006). "The International System of Units (SI brochure (EN)): 8th edition, 2006" (PDF).
  12. ^ "The International System of Units (SI)". Peter C. Burbery website. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  13. ^ "BIPM: Our work programme". BIPM. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  14. ^ Cai, Juan (Ada). "The Case of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)" (PDF). oecd.org. OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  15. ^ "International Network on Quality Infrastructure". INetQI. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  16. ^ "Time Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)". BIPM. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  17. ^ "Directors of the BIPM since 1875". Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 2018. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  18. ^ "NPL Fellow, Dr Martin Milton, is new Director at foundation of world's measurement system". QMT News. Quality Manufacturing Today. August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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