Andrew, Duke of Calabria

Andrew, Duke of Calabria (30 October 1327 – 18 September 1345) was the first husband of Joanna I of Naples, and a son of Charles I of Hungary and brother of Louis I of Hungary.

Andrew
Duke of Calabria
King consort of Naples
Tenure	20 January 1343 – 18 September 1345
Born	30 October 1327
Died	18 September 1345(1345-09-18) (aged 17)
Spouse	Joanna I of Naples
Issue	Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria
House	Anjou-Hungary
Father	Charles I of Hungary
Mother	Elizabeth of Poland

Background and engagement

Andrew with his mother and brothers

Andrew was the second of three surviving sons of King Charles I of Hungary and his third wife, Elizabeth of Poland. He was betrothed in 1334 to his cousin Joanna, granddaughter and heiress apparent of King Robert of Naples; Andrew's father was a fraternal nephew of King Robert, making Andrew and Joanna both members of the Capetian House of Anjou.

Robert's claim to the throne was rather tenuous and did not follow primogeniture. Andrew's grandfather, Charles Martel of Anjou, had died young; therefore, the throne should have passed to Andrew's father. However, due to fears of impending invasion from Sicily, it was felt that a seven-year-old heir was too risky and would not be able to hold off invasions. The throne was offered to the next son of Charles II of Naples, Louis, but he refused on religious grounds, and it thus passed to Robert. To recompensate Andrew's father, Charles II decided to assign him the claim to Hungary.

When King Robert died in 1343, in his last will and testament, he formally bequeathed his kingdom to his granddaughter Joanna, making no mention of Andrew and thus denying him the right to reign along with Joanna.

Struggle for the crown

With the approval of Pope Clement VI, Joanna was crowned sole monarch of Naples in August 1344. Fearing for his life, Andrew wrote to his mother Elizabeth that he would soon flee the kingdom. She intervened, and made a state visit, before she returned to Hungary allegedly bribing Pope Clement to reverse himself and permit the coronation of Andrew. She also gave a ring to Andrew, which was supposed to protect him from death by blade or poison, and returned with a false sense of security to Hungary.

When Joanna fell ill in the summer of 1344, Andrew caused great controversy when he released the Pipini brothers. They had been locked up by Robert the Wise after having been convicted for murder, rape, pillage, treason and several other offences. Their possessions had been given to other nobles, who now became increasingly hostile to Andrew.

Murder and aftermath

Murder of Andrew, Duke of Calabria, painted by Karl Briullov.

Hearing of the Pope's reversal, a group of noble conspirators (the involvement of Queen Joanna has never been proven) determined to forestall Andrew's coronation. During a hunting trip at Aversa, Andrew left his room in the middle of the night and was set upon by the conspirators. A treacherous servant barred the door behind him, and, as Joanna cowered in their bed, a terrible struggle ensued, Andrew defending himself furiously and shrieking for aid. He was finally overpowered, strangled with a cord, and flung from a window. Isolde, Andrew's Hungarian nurse took the Prince's corpse to the church of the monks, and remained with it until next morning mourning it. When the Hungarian knights arrived she told them everything in their mother tongue so no one else would learn about the truth, and soon they left Naples reporting everything to the Hungarian King.

The deed would taint the rest of Joanna's reign, although she was twice acquitted of any charge in the trials that followed. Andrew's elder brother Louis I of Hungary several times invaded the Kingdom of Naples and drove out Joanna, only to meet with reverses. Ultimately, 37 years later, their kinsman Charles of Durazzo (King Charles III of Naples) conquered Naples with Hungarian aid and imprisoned Joanna. She had been married three times more since Andrew.

Andrew and Joanna had one posthumous son, Charles Martel (Naples, 25 December 1345 – aft. 10 May 1348) who died young in Hungary.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Andrew, Duke of Calabria

16. Charles I of Naples 8. Charles II of Naples 17. Beatrice of Provence 4. Charles Martel of Anjou 18. Stephen V of Hungary 9. Maria of Hungary 19. Elizabeth the Cuman 2. Charles I of Hungary 20. Albert IV, Count of Habsburg 10. Rudolf I of Germany 21. Heilwig of Kiburg 5. Klementia of Habsburg 22. Burckhard V of Hohenburg 11. Gertrude of Hohenberg 23. Mechtild of Tübingen 1. Andrew, Duke of Calabria 24. Konrad I of Masovia 12. Casimir I of Kuyavia 25. Agafia of Rus 6. Władysław I the Elbow-high 26. Casimir I of Opole 13. Euphrosyne of Opole 27. Viola 3. Elisabeth of Poland 28. Władysław Odonic 14. Bolesław the Pious 29. Jadwiga 7. Jadwiga of Kalisz 30. Béla IV of Hungary 15. Jolenta of Poland 31. Maria Laskarina

See also

• Philippa of Catania

Further reading

• Magyar nagylexikon II. (And–Bag). Főszerk. Élesztős László, Rostás Sándor. Budapest: Akadémiai. 1994. 19–20. o.
• Goldstone, Nancy (2010). Joanna: The Notorious Queen of Naples, Jerusalem and Sicily. New York: Walker & Company. ISBN 9780802777706.