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J. André Fouilhoux

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Jacques André Fouilhoux (September 27, 1879 – June 20, 1945) was a French-born architect active in the United States from 1904 to 1945.[1] He is most well known for his work on Tribune Tower in Chicago; Rockefeller Center; early skyscrapers such as the Daily News Building and 30 Rockefeller Plaza; and the 1939 New York World's Fair, for which he designed the central Trylon and Perisphere.[2][3][4] Many of his early works are also listed in the National Historic Register, including 705 Davis Street Apartments and Wickersham Apartments in Portland, Oregon.[5][6] According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, Fouilhoux has received less attention than partners such as John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, but was "known as an astute engineer and a painstaking supervisor and his work gained the respect of his collaborators."[7][8][9]

Jacques André Fouilhoux
Born(1879-09-27)September 27, 1879
Paris, France
DiedJune 20, 1945(1945-06-20) (aged 65)
New York City, US
Alma materEcole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, University of Paris (Sorbonne)
OccupationArchitect
SpouseJean Butler Clark
AwardsAmerican Institute of Architects New York Chapter
BuildingsTribune Tower, Rockefeller Center, Daily News Building

Early life and education

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Jacques André Fouilhoux, better known as J.A. Fouilhoux throughout his career in the United States, was born to a Catholic family in Paris, France, on September 27, 1879. He attended the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris, and went on to earn B.A., B.S. and B.Ph. degrees from the University of Paris (Sorbonne).[7] He was then accepted into the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, where he studied architecture as well as civil and mechanical engineering.[4] Following his graduation, he moved to the United States in 1904 and began his architectural career as a draftsman for Albert Kahn in Detroit.[10] In 1908, he and Jean Butler Clark of Baltimore married in New York.[5][11]

Career

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Early works

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Trylon and Perisphere at the 1939 New York World's Fair

In 1909, Fouilhoux relocated to Portland, and began a partnership with Morris H. Whitehouse that would last until World War I.[1] Fouilhoux was prolific during the eight years he worked in Portland, and constructed a dozen notable buildings, including educational institutions (e.g., Jefferson High School, the University Club) and residential buildings.[12][7] His earliest works were constructed in late-19th and early-20th century revival styles—French renaissance, Collegiate Gothic, Tudor, Jacobethan, Colonial, and English Arts and Crafts.[5][13][6][14][15][16] While this design approach befit the zeitgeist, critics and historic preservationists describe a unique perspective in his architectural style.[12] This is especially evident in Jefferson High School (1909), which subtly revealed and navigated tensions between the Classical Revival movement and more modern Arts and Crafts style.[12]

Fouilhoux's architecture, particularly the balance between referential embellishment and modern sensibility, had an enduring effect on Oregon.[17][18] Many of his buildings there are still standing and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[5][13] Several continue to be highly sought-after residences that have defined luxurious neighborhoods, such as Wickersham Apartments (1910) and 705 Davis Street Apartments (1913).[18][19]

With the outbreak of World War I, Fouilhoux put his burgeoning career on pause and enlisted in the U.S. Army. He served as an officer in France in the 129th Field Artillery Regiment with future president Harry S. Truman and was discharged with the rank of major.[1][20]

Tribune Tower and Daily News Building

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Tribune Tower, Chicago (1925)

In 1920, Fouilhoux returned to the U.S. and for the rest of his life would be based in New York [21][22][1] He began making substantial contributions to modernist design approaches that would create a new architectural specter: the skyscraper.[23][24] In the post-war architectural boom, Fouilhoux's work espoused and memorialized American democratic values, particularly freedom of the press.[2][23]

In 1922, Fouilhoux, Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells devised a design submission to the international competition for the Tribune Tower in Chicago along with over 260 other entries.[11][2] With Fouilhoux working as an associate to partners Hood and Howells, their submission won the competition. The building melded medieval gothic architectural design elements with the Art Deco sensibility of a modern office building.[25][26] A lightness in the building's gothic details enables the vibrancy of the design to not be beholden to its silhouette, as with other skyscrapers.[2] Hood and Howell's design and the praise from the competition jurors encapsulated the architectural moment of the time—nostalgic, but on the brink of modern.[26] Old elements were used in new ways, including at least 150 artifacts from historic sites that decorated the walls alongside quotes from historical figures.[26][23] These inscriptions and sculptural details span decades and continents, memorializing the past in order to imagine the future that the Tribune Company aimed for.[2]

Upon opening in 1925, the building was described by critics as idiosyncratic but designed for practical use, with historical perspective, humor, and a vision of the future.[2] Fouilhoux and other contributors were immortalized as fable characters in Aesop's screen in a large carved stone display above the main entrance. In a nod to the nickname assigned to Frenchmen during World War I, Fouilhoux is represented by a frog.[25][2]

In 1930, Howells, Hood and Fouilhoux designed another journalism building—the Daily News Building in New York.[1] Though the owners of the News Building and Tribune Tower had family ties, the buildings did not share the neo-gothic design influence that distinguishes the latter; with the towering skyscraper design of the News Building, Fouilhoux entered into the "modernist vanguard."[23] The News Building does, however, share Tribune Tower's use of art deco elements and quotes and symbols of democratic values and the American Protestant work ethic.[23] The building was well received by critics, architects and New Yorkers, with a 1932 exhibition at MoMA describing it as the "most effective skyscraper in New York."[27]

Rockefeller Center

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Construction of Rockefeller Center in New York

In 1931, Fouilhoux joined a consortium of preeminent architectural firms coordinated by Raymond Hood that would be involved in the construction of Rockefeller Center.[28] Todd, Robertson and Todd Engineering Corp., as advisers to John D. Rockefeller and his family, "selected architects who would be primarily interested in good planning, utility, cost, income, low operating expenses and progress ... men who were not committed to the architectural past nor too much interested in wild modernism."[29] Three different firms—listed as Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray; Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux; and Reinhard & Hofmeister—formed the collective Associated Architects for Rockefeller Center.[29] Fouilhoux had the greatest influence on the central fixture of the complex, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, known colloquially as "30 Rock".[28] The RCA combined Art Deco design elements with Beaux-Arts inspiration and the increasingly widespread International Style.[30] From its inception, Rockefeller Center has captured the urban imagination of commercial media.[30] In the 1980s, Paul Goldberger of The New York Times reflected on its status: "It was always respected. Now, however, it seems more to be idolized, copied by young architects as they sketch new towers and chosen by urban planners as the model that large-scale urban complexes should strive to follow."[31]

After Hood's death in 1934, and following his work on Rockefeller Center, Fouilhoux partnered with Wallace Harrison on a commission from John D. and Nelson Rockefeller to design the Rockefeller Apartments just to the north.[7] Though there was not a strong demand for housing in Manhattan at the time, the Rockefeller Apartments accumulated a long wait-list before completion because they were an ideal size for young professionals working at Rockefeller Center or Midtown Manhattan. Built in an international style with rounded and south-facing bay windows, it was praised by critics for its strong, progressive design aesthetics and practicalities.[7] Noted urbanist Lewis Mumford compared the apartment build with a romantic row of buildings in an old neighborhood in Germany: "When the windows are open up and down the façade, the effect is like a sudden whirring of birds' wings out of a tree. And if anyone wants to know what is modern ornament, that's what it is—something built for use, which suddenly, when it hits you at the right angle, begins to sing like the four-and-twenty blackbirds."[32]

World of Tomorrow

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The 1939 New York World's Fair was Fouilhoux and Harrison's most audacious architectural and engineering work. The New York Building Commission wrote that Fouilhoux's design contributions "created the distinctive tone of the exhibition."[11] The 1939 World's Fair would be the second most expensive American World's Fair—an ambitious endeavor during the uncertain time following the Great Depression and leading up to World War II.[33][34] In 1934, the fair's intended theme was to honor the 150th anniversary of the inauguration of George Washington, however the more abstract, forward-thinking theme "Building the World of Tomorrow" won out by 1936.[33]

The theme and, in turn, design concept therefore prioritized a "utopian aura" that would employ "a structure of ephemeral lines" according to The New York Times.[33][4][35] Built in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, a former dump site in Queens, the Fair used over 1,200 acres to imagine the future through a lens of innovation, consumerism, and commercialization.[33] The exhibitions and recreational space were made possible through relationships with 60 countries and 121 New York organizations.[33][3] According to the book Trylon and Perisphere, "Its goal was to display to the world its organizers' boundless belief in American business and industry, in peace and freedom, and in the potential of average Americans to rise above their difficulties."[3]

Fouilhoux's greatest influence was on the central figures of the Fair—the Trylon and Perisphere, respectively a large triangular pyramid and the largest sphere ever constructed.[36] Imposing white masses of the "finite and infinite"—sometimes called the "spike and sphere" or "ball and bat"—they aptly represented futurism based on modernist principles that envisioned extreme abstractions achievable through new technologies.[33] The Trylon and Perisphere represented impressive feats of engineering, requiring 2,000 cubic yards of concrete, over 7,000 individual pieces, and adding up to a combined weight of approximately 10,000 tons.[36][3] The Trylon was 610 feet high and the perisphere was 180 feet in diameter and 18 stories high.[36][3] Inside the Perisphere, accessible via what were the largest escalators in the world, was "Democracity"—the central exhibit of the fair and vision of America's future in 2039.[37][33] Technological achievements were central to the Fair theme and to Harrison and Fouilhoux's designs, evidenced in the engineering of the Trylon and Perisphere as well as the emphasis on electrification seen in the Consolidated Edison and Electric Utility building exhibitions.[38] The Fair embodied an imposing physicality and ambitious futuristic vision and welcomed almost 50 million visitors during the two seasons it was open.[3][39] Despite these achievements, it did not live up to attendance or financial revenue goals. Still, it was "by no means a flop… it literally and figuratively replaced ashes with promise... On a practical level, it offered a preview of the tools needed to rebuild the world after the war."[3]

With the advent of World War II, architectural opportunities and priorities moved away from imposing skyline-defining monuments.[40] In 1941, Fouilhoux joined the firm Harrison, Fouilhoux & Abramovitz and completed the Crotona Toll House for the Bronx Zoo and worked on military bases at Coco Solo and Balboa, Canal Zone.[41][42][40] He then worked on the Clinton Hill Housing Development, also called the Clinton Hill Co-ops—good-quality affordable housing for workers and officers of the nearby Brooklyn Navy Yard.[43] While some community members lamented the demolition of the 19th century mansions that were removed to make way for the development, the Clinton Hill Co-ops played a significant role in stabilizing the neighborhood with middle-class housing during the war.[44] The Clinton Hill Co-ops would be Fouilhoux's final contribution to the architecture of New York City. He fell to his death on June 20, 1945, while conducting an inspection of the Clinton Hill Co-ops roof and upper floors.[1][11]

Legacy

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Tribune Tower and Rockefeller Center are Fouilhoux's most enduring feats of engineering and architectural design and continue to be tourist destinations, as well as culturally notable in academic circles.[25][31] Though the Trylon and Perisphere of the 1939 World's Fair were dismantled for the war effort, they "earned an enduring legacy as one of the world's greatest symbols of hope for the future."[33] Books, postage stamps, figurines, postcards, and many more paraphernalia immortalized the imagery of Fouilhoux's spike and sphere. Other significant buildings that Fouilhoux worked on include the American Radiator Building and McGraw-Hill Building in Manhattan, and the Masonic Temple (now the Scranton Cultural Center).[45][46][47][48]

Citations and professional connections[11]

List of works
Building City, State Date Role Style Citation
Jefferson High School Portland, Oregon 1909 Architect Renaissance Revival [12]
Lincoln High School (now Lincoln Hall at PSU) Portland, Oregon 1910 Architect Classical Revival [53]
Conro Fiero House Central Point, Oregon 1910 Architect Tudor Revival [54]
Wickersham Apartments Portland, Oregon 1910 Architect Tudor Revival [6]
Anna Lewis Mann Old People's Home Portland, Oregon 1911 Architect Tudor Revival, Collegiate Gothic [15]
Failing Grammar Schoolhouse (now National University of Natural Medicine) Portland, Oregon 1912 Architect Renaissance Revival [55]
University Club Portland, Oregon 1913 Architect Jacobethan [56]
705 Davis Street Apartments Portland, Oregon 1913 Architect Renaissance Revival [5]
Waverley Country Club Clubhouse Portland, Oregon 1913 Architect Colonial Revival [16]
Elliott R. Corbett House Portland, Oregon 1915 Architect Colonial Revival [13]
H. L. and Gretchen Hoyt Corbett House Portland, Oregon 1916 Architect Colonial Revival [14]
Astoria Methodist Church Astoria, Oregon 1916 Architect Colonial Revival [57]
St. Vincent de Paul Asylum Tarrytown, New York 1924 Architect [48]
Tribune Tower Chicago, Illinois 1924 Architect Gothic Revival [26]
American Radiator Building (American Standard Building) Manhattan, New York 1924 Architect Gothic Art Deco [46]
Ocean Forest Country Club Myrtle Beach, South Carolina 1929 Architect Neoclassical [58]
Daily News Building Manhattan, New York 1930 Architect Art Deco [23]
Masonic Temple (Scranton Cultural Center) Scranton, Pennsylvania 1930 Architect Art Deco [48]
Rockefeller Center Manhattan, New York 1931 Architect Art Deco, International Style [29]
McGraw-Hill Building Manhattan, New York 1931 Architect International Style [47]
Rockefeller Apartments Manhattan, New York 1937 Architect International Style [7]
Trylon and Perisphere, 1939 World's Fair Manhattan, New York 1939 Architect Modernist [33]
Crotona Toll House Bronx, New York 1941 Architect [42]
Clinton Hill Cooperative Development Brooklyn, New York 1943 Architect Modernist [43]
Facilities at Submarine and Air Base Coco Solo Cativá, Panama 1944 Architect Modernist [11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f The New York Times. (July 21, 1945). "Fall Kills Fouilhoux, Architect; Designed Fair Trylon, Perisphere". The New York Times, p. 1. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Commission on Chicago Historical and Architectural Landmarks. (1986). "Tribune Tower: 435 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois". [Preliminary Staff Summary of Information]. Accessed April 23, 2020
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cohen, Barbara, Steven Heller and Seymour Chwast. (1989). Trylon and Perisphere. New York: Harry N. Abrams. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c The New York Times. (November 25, 1939). "Designers Chosen for Tower at Fair". The New York Times, p. 16. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Seven Hundred Five Davis Street Apartments. National Park Service. 1980. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Wickersham Apartments. National Park Service. 1983. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Savage, Charles C. (June 19, 1984). "Rockefeller Apartments". New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  8. ^ Krinsky, Carol Herselle. (1978). Rockefeller Center. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 47. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  9. ^ Wind, Herbert Warren. (November 27, 1954). "Architect," The New Yorker, p. 56.
  10. ^ Ferry, W. Hawkins. (1970). The Legacy of Albert Kahn. Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts, pp. 10–11. Accessed August 18, 2020
  11. ^ a b c d e f New York Building Congress, Inc. (1945). "J. André Fouilhoux." Building Congress News, July 1945 (Commemorative Edition). Accessed April 23, 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d Oregon Digital. (2009). Jefferson, Thomas, School (Portland, Oregon). University of Oregon Libraries. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  13. ^ a b c National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Corbett, Elliott R., House. National Park Service. 1996. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  14. ^ a b National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Corbett, H. L. and Gretchen Hoyt, House. National Park Service. 1991. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  15. ^ a b National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Mann, Anna Lewis, Old People's Home. National Park Service. 1992. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  16. ^ a b National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Waverly Country Club Clubhouse. National Park Service. 2013. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  17. ^ American Institute of Architects, Portland Chapter. (1968). A Guide to Portland architecture. Portland, OR: Portland, Oregon chapter of the American Institute of Architects. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  18. ^ a b Powell, M. (July 13, 2016). "$1,300,000 Homes in St. Louis, Arkansas and Oregon". The New York Times. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  19. ^ Eastman, Janet. (August 22, 2018). "Portland's most beautiful apartment buildings". Oregonlive. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  20. ^ American Standards Association. (1945). Industrial Standardization (Vol. 16).
  21. ^ The New York Times. (November 7, 1931). "Anita C. Fouilhoux, Debutante, Honored". The New York Times, p. 21. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  22. ^ The New York Times. (November 3, 1938). "J. Andre Fouilhoux Leases In Park Ave.". The New York Times, p. 43. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Korom, Joseph J. (2008). The American Skyscraper, 1850-1940: A Celebration of Height. Boston: Branden Books. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  24. ^ Lehman, Arnold. (April 1971). "New York Skyscrapers: The Jazz Modern Neo-American Beautilitarian Style". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. p. 363–370. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  25. ^ a b c Fila, Bob & Blair Kamin. (2000). Tribune Tower: American Landmark. Chicago: Tribune Company. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  26. ^ a b c d Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.). "Tribune Tower: Building, Chicago, Illinois, United States. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  27. ^ Smith, G. E. Kidder and Paul Goldberger. (1996). Source Book of American Architecture: 500 Notable Buildings from the 10th Century to the Present. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  28. ^ a b Richards, William. (July 25, 2018). "Is Rockefeller Center the true center of New York?". The American Institute of Architects. Accessed April 23, 2020
  29. ^ a b c National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Rockefeller Center. National Park Service. 1987. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  30. ^ a b Goldberger, Paul. (July 14, 1976). "Rockefeller Center Design: A Triumph for 30's and 70's". The New York Times. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  31. ^ a b Goldberger, Paul. (June 17, 1982). "Rockefeller Center at 50: A Model Of Urban Design; An Appraisal". The New York Times. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  32. ^ Wojtowicz, Robert. (2000). Sidewalk Critic: Lewis Mumford's Writings on New York. Princeton Architectural Press. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fiederer, Luke. (December 11, 2016). "AD Classics: Trylon and Perisphere / Harrison and Fouilhoux". ArchDaily. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  34. ^ Sheidlower, Noah. (April 30, 2020). "81 Years Ago, FDR Opened the 1939 World's Fair in Queens". Untapped New York. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  35. ^ New York World's Fair 1939 Inc. (1938). New York World's Fair Bulletin (Vol. 2).
  36. ^ a b c Saraniero, Nicole. (July 18, 2018). "10 Facts About the Lost Giant Trylon and Perisphere from the 1939 World's Fair". Untapped New York. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  37. ^ Rothstein, Edward. (December 6, 2012). "Yesterday's Tomorrows, Full of Rosy Visions". The New York Times. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  38. ^ Rovang, Sarah. (2015). "Envisioning the Future of Modern Farming: The Electrified Farm at the 1939 New York World's Fair." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 74.2.
  39. ^ Archinect. (n.d.). "Surveying the U.S. World's Fair Pavilions". Accessed March 28, 2020.
  40. ^ a b c New York Times. (May 7, 1942). "Asks for Increase in War Jobs Here". The New York Times, p. 35. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  41. ^ Jennings, Allyn R. (October 1941). "Flora for Fauna: Fitting the Landscape to the Animals in the Bronx Zoo". Landscape Architecture Magazine. Accessed March 28, 2020.
  42. ^ a b Embury, Aymar. (n.d.). "Aymar Embury II Papers". Syracuse University. Accessed April 27, 2020.
  43. ^ a b The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. (January 26, 1942). "1,200 Defense Families to Live at Clinton Hill". Accessed April 23, 2020.
  44. ^ Spellen, Suzanne. (April 4, 2012). "Building of the Day: 345-373 Clinton Avenue". Brownstoner. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  45. ^ Gray, Christopher. (February 20, 1994). "Streetscapes/The American Radiator Building; A 1924 Precursor of Art Deco". The New York Times. Accessed August 18, 2020
  46. ^ a b American Radiator Building. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 12, 1974. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  47. ^ a b McGraw Hill Building. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 11, 1979. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  48. ^ a b c Emanuel, Muriel. (2016). Contemporary Architects. New York: St. James Press. Accessed August 18, 2020
  49. ^ The New York Times. (July 10, 1935). "Plan for a $3,000 Cellarless Home Wins Award for Low-Cost Design; J. Andre Fouilhoux Is Victor in Contest for Dwelling for Average Family ". The New York Times, p. 23. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  50. ^ The New York Times. (April 27, 1945). "Heads Builders". The New York Times, p. 31. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  51. ^ The New York Times. (October 16, 1940). "Architect Named Adviser On Art at Cooper Union". The New York Times, p.15. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  52. ^ The New York Times. (June 16, 1945). "Clothing Is Sought for Freed French".The New York Times, p. 10. Accessed August 18, 2020.
  53. ^ Portland State University. (n.d.). Portland State Floorplans, Lincoln Hall. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  54. ^ National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Fiero, Conro, House (Woodlawn Acres). National Park Service. 1980. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  55. ^ Hill, James. (October 17, 2011). "PCC's origins started with a Failing school". Portland Community College. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  56. ^ Angelus Studio. (n.d.). The University Club, 1225 SW 6th, Built in 1913 in Jacobethan Style. Architects: Whitehouse & Fouilhoux. [Graphic]. Accessed March 29, 2020.
  57. ^ Discover Our Coast. (n.d.). "Tour four of Astoria's historic churches". Accessed March 29, 2020.
  58. ^ Stokes, Barbara. F. (2007). Myrtle Beach: A History, 1900-1980. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. Accessed August 18, 2020.
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