Anāl, also known as Namfau after the two principal villages it is spoken in, is a Northern Kukish language, part of the Sino-Tibetan language family, spoken by the Anal people in India and a dwindling number in Burma. It had 13,900 speakers in India according to the 2001 census, and 50 in Burma in 2010.[1] The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.[2]
| Anāl | |
|---|---|
 Anāl written in Meitei script | |
| Native to | India and Myanmar |
| Region | Southeast Manipur |
| Ethnicity | Anāl Naga |
Native speakers | 14,000 (2001 census)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | anm |
qfs Langet | |
| Glottolog | anal1239 |
| ELP | Anal |
The Department of Language Planning and Implementation of the Government of Manipur offers a sum of ₹5,000 (equivalent to ₹8,500 or US$100 in 2023), to every individual who learns Anal language, under certain terms and conditions.[3]
Anal is also written in the Latin script,[4] with a literacy rate of about 74%.[1]
Langet may be a dialect, though its position within Kukish is uncertain (Shafer 1955:106).[needs update]
Geographical distribution
editAnal is spoken in southeastern Manipur, in the Chandel district, on the banks of the Chakpi River in towns such as Chandel and Chakpikarong, and also in the Tengnoupal district (Ethnologue).
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ŋ̊ | ||
| voiced | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Approximant | voiced | ʋ | l | |||
| voiceless | l̥ | |||||
| Rhotic | voiced | r | ||||
| voiceless | r̥ | |||||
/dʒ/ can also be heard as a glide [j] in free variation.
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
Vocabulary
editThe following vocabulary exemplifies words in the language.[6]
| Anal | gloss | Anal | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| khol | 'deep hole'; 'social division' | ahno | 'kind of short skirt' |
| lunguin | 'kind of long shawl' | zupar | 'rice beer' |
| piruili | 'elopement' | Jol min | 'bride price' |
| ithin | 'divorce' | sinnuperu | 'adultery' |
| pakum | 'hearth' | mote | 'first-born' |
| kopu | 'second-born' | cakhow | 'brown rice' |
| khon | 'fifty rupees' | thunlon | 'grave' |
| dao | 'kind of iron blade' | shingkho | 'plate' |
| vopum | 'basket' | athiru | 'kind of bead necklace' |
| akarfo | 'kind of China necklace' | sanamba | 'kind of fiddle' |
| tilli | 'kind of flageolet' | tuklee | 'kind of loom' |
References
edit- ^ a b c Anāl at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Meitei | Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019.
- ^ "Applications invited for local language training programme". Imphal Free Press.
- ^ Bareh 2007, p. 120
- ^ Devi, Thounaojam Thajamanbi (2015). A Descriptive Grammar of Anal. Silchar: Assam University.
- ^ Bareh 2007, pp. 119–128
Bibliography
edit- Bareh, Hamlet (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipur. Vol. III. New Delhi: Mittal. ISBN 978-81-7099-790-0.
- Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. New Delhi: Atlantic. ISBN 978-81-269-0708-3.
External links
edit- ELAR collection: A community-driven documentation of natural discourse in Anal, an endangered Tibeto-Burman language deposited by Pavel Ozerov
- Anal DoReCo corpus compiled by Pavel Ozerov. Audio recordings of narrative texts, with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level and translations.
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