The American Dam, or American Diversion Dam, is a diversion dam on the Rio Grande in El Paso, Texas, that divides the river water between Mexico and the U.S. It is about 140 feet (43 m) north of the point where the west bank of the river enters Mexico, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from the business center. The dam is operated by the International Boundary and Water Commission.[1] It started operation in 1938.[2]
| American Dam | |
|---|---|
 American Dam (center) | |
  Location of American Dam in Texas | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | El Paso, Texas / Sunland Park, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 31°47′03″N 106°31′40″W / 31.784234°N 106.527845°W |
| Purpose | Irrigation |
| Opening date | 1938 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Diversion dam |
| Height | 5 feet (1.5 m) |
| Height (foundation) | 18 feet (5.5 m) |
| Length | 284 feet (87 m) |
| Elevation at crest | 3,684 feet (1,123 m) |
Origins
editThe dam has its origins in the 21 May 1906 treaty between the United States and Mexico for "an equitable distribution of the waters of the Rio Grande." This guaranteed Mexico up to 60,000 acre-feet (74,000,000 m3) annually, with the Americans taking the rest, except in time of drought when the shares would be reduced on a percentage basis. The Mexicans would withdraw their water from the Rio Grande at the Acequia Madre in Ciudad Juárez about 2 miles (3.2 km) downstream from the point where the river starts to form the international border.[3]
To ensure that they got their agreed share, in 1935 Congress authorized construction of the American Dam, which measures the Mexican portion before it reached the international border and lets it continue along the river to the Acequia Madre, while diverting the rest along the new 2 miles (3.2 km) long American Canal to the Franklin Canal, used to irrigate the 90 miles (140 km) long El Paso valley.[3]
Location
edit
The dam is part of the Rio Grande Project. It marks the end of the Mesilla Valley section, which starts at the Leasburg Diversion Dam 63 miles (101 km) upstream, and marks the beginning of the El Paso Valley section, which extends downstream for another 46 miles (74 km) on the American side of the Rio Grande. 52,000 acres (21,000 ha) are irrigated in the El Paso Valley.[4] The International Dam, about 2 miles (3.2 km) below the American dam, diverts water for the Mexican side of the El Paso Valley, usually called the Valle de Juarez.[5] Beyond the ruins at Fort Quitman the Rio Grande riverbed is often dry until the confluence of the Rio Conchos.[6]
The location at the corner of Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico puts the dam in an area sensitive to border issues. In 2019, the private group We Build the Wall built a half-mile section of border wall extending west from the dam into New Mexico, with a locked gate on federal land by the dam, which blocks access to Monument One on the border, and to part of the levee.[7] The International Boundary and Water Commission cut the lock and locked the gate open to preserve their access to the road along the riverbank by the dam.[8]
Structure
editThe American Dam was built in 1937–1938 at a cost to the United States Government of $667,398. It is 284 feet (87 m) long, with thirteen radial gates. Water is diverted into the American Canal over a weir, parallel to the general course of the river, with intake controlled by two radial gates.[9] The dam has a normal operating depth of 5 feet (1.5 m), has a structural height of 18 feet (5.5 m), and is flanked by earthen dikes. The crest elevation is 3,684 feet (1,123 m) above sea level,[10] The main spillway into the Rio Grande has a capacity of 12,000 cu ft/s (340 m3/s).
Downstream canals
editThe American Canal is about 2 miles (3.2 km) long, and has a design capacity of 1,200 cubic feet per second (34 m3/s) of water.[11] The American Canal runs along the north bank of the Rio Grande for two miles, then delivers water into the Rio Grande American Canal Extension (RGACE). This carries water for the Rio Grande Reclamation Project about 12 miles (19 km) to the Riverside Canal Heading, which is just downstream from the Ysleta–Zaragoza International Bridge.[9] By the late 1990s the original American Canal was in poor condition, particularly in the open sections, and operating well below its original planned capacity.[12]
The cement-lined RGACE replaced part of the earthen Franklin Canal, which delivered water through the city of El Paso to farms in El Paso’s Lower Valley.[13] The RGACE, built from 1997 to 1998, was designed to carry 1,535 cubic feet per second (43.5 m3/s) of water.[12] During planning for the RGACE the Mexicans expressed interest in having their 60,000 acre-feet (74,000,000 m3) allotment delivered from the end of the RGACE near Riverside Dam, rather than to the head of the Acequia Madre just below the American Dam, as at present.[13] The water would be delivered via a siphon underneath the Rio Grande.[12]
References
editCitations
- ^ Diversion Dams and Related...
- ^ Geological Survey (U.S.) 1953, p. 40.
- ^ a b Metz 2012.
- ^ Wilcox & Resch 1963, p. 2.
- ^ Geological Survey (U.S.) 1953, p. 17.
- ^ Bartlett 1995, p. 27.
- ^ Debbie Nathan and Jordyn Rozensky (June 11, 2019). "Border Wall Expands onto Federal Land, Blocking Access to Historic Site". The Intercept. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "Locked gate put in by We Build the Wall cut by international water panel". El Paso Times. June 11, 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ a b Upper Rio Grande Flood Control Project.
- ^ American Diversion Dam – USBR.
- ^ Environmental Assessment – IBWC, p. 3.
- ^ a b c Environmental Assessment – IBWC, p. 5.
- ^ a b Environmental Assessment – IBWC, p. 4.
Sources
- "American Diversion Dam". USBR. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
- Bartlett, Richard C. (1995). Saving the Best of Texas: A Partnership Approach to Conservation. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70835-8. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
- "Diversion Dams and Related Structures". International Boundary and Water Commission. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
- "Environmental Assessment – American Canal" (PDF). IBWC. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
- Geological Survey (U.S.) (1953). Geological Survey water-supply paper. G.P.O. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- Metz, Leon C. (2012). "AMERICAN DAM". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
- "Upper Rio Grande Flood Control Project". International Boundary and Water Commission. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
- Wilcox, L. V.; Resch, W. F. (1963). Salt balance and leaching requirement in irrigated lands. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Retrieved 6 October 2012.