Amararamam is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Siva, located in Amaravathi of Palnadu district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the five sacred Pancharama Kshetras and is unique among them for being situated on the banks of the Krishna River, while the others are located in the Godavari region. The temple enshrines a large 15-foot white marble Sivalinga, which requires priests to stand on a platform to perform daily rituals. Lord Amareswara (also called Amaralingeswara), the main deity, is accompanied by his consort, Bala Chamundika.[1]
| Amararamam | |
|---|---|
 Amareswara Swamy temple | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Palnadu |
| Deity | Shiva |
| Festivals | Maha Sivaratri, Kartika Purnima |
| Location | |
| Location | Amaravathi |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| Country | India |
.svg)  Location in Andhra Pradesh | |
| Geographic coordinates | 16°34′52″N 80°21′32″E / 16.580990°N 80.358946°E |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Dravidian architecture |
| Date established | 11th century |
| Specifications | |
| Temple(s) | 1 |
| Inscriptions | Telugu and Sanskrit |
| Elevation | 31.4 m (103 ft) |
The temple's history dates back to the 11th century, with inscriptions documenting its patronage by various dynasties, including the Kota chiefs, and the Vijayanagara Empire.[2] Notably, Sri Krishnadevaraya contributed to its development. Major renovations took place in the late 18th century. The temple features Dravidian-style architecture with four gopuras (gateway towers) and a central vimana.[3]
The Amareswara Temple is renowned for its spiritual and historical significance. Major festivals celebrated here include Maha Sivaratri and Navaratri.[4] It is located on Krouncha Saila, a small hill near the Krishna River, and serves as an important pilgrimage site for devotees.[1] The temple, central to the region's cultural and religious identity, lends its name to the village of Amaravathi,[5] which inspired the name of Andhra Pradesh's newly planned capital, Amaravati, located 35 kilometers to the east.[6]
History
editThe Amareswara temple is believed to have been constructed in the 11th century, based on epigraphical evidence.[2] However, its architectural style closely resembles the Bhimeswara temples of Samalkot and Draksharama, which date back to the 10th century. Among the 35 inscriptions found on the temple's walls, the earliest dates to 1129 CE. Legends associated with the Bhimeswara temples may have contributed to the temple's connections with them.[2] Additionally, one of the earliest recorded inscriptions in the temple region is an Eastern Chalukya epigraph found at Dharanikota, near Amaravati.[3]
The temple's foundation reflects early Buddhist influence, featuring elements like a white marble lotus medallion and a cylindrical mula virat in the sanctum. These features have led to theories that the site may have initially been a Buddhist place of worship.[7] The discovery of a Chaturmukha Linga and a small mukhalinga sculpture, both dating to the Satavahana dynasty (1st–2nd centuries CE), underscores the antiquity of Saivism in the region. Additionally, a life-sized, intricately decorated Nandi statue from the Satavahana era, found near the temple, reflects the craftsmanship of that period and suggests the early prominence of Saivism in Amaravathi.[8]
By the 12th century, the coexistence of Hindu and Buddhist structures was evident in Amaravathi. Inscriptions and accounts from this period reference both the Buddhist Mahachaitya and the Amareswara Temple. A 1184 CE inscription by Kota chief Keta II describes the Buddhist stupa as "chaityam-atyunnatam yatra nānā chitra suchitritam" (magnificent and adorned). The same inscription also reverently mentions Lord Siva as Amareswara, indicating a harmonious blend of religious traditions.[9] Furthermore, inscriptions on the temple pillars record lamp donations to Lord Buddha by Keta II and his courtesans, suggesting the presence of a Buddhist temple in the vicinity, which has since disappeared.[8]
The temple continued to receive patronage in subsequent centuries. During the 14th-century Reddi dynasty and the 16th-century Vijayanagara Empire, significant contributions were made to the temple. Notably, Sri Krishnadevaraya (r. 1509–1529) added a mandapam (pavilion), further solidifying the temple’s cultural and religious importance.[3]
In the late 18th century, the temple underwent extensive expansion under the patronage of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu, a zamindar from Chintapalli. A devout follower of Lord Siva, Venkatadri Nayudu relocated to Amaravathi and provided financial support for the temple’s upkeep. He allocated land to priests, ensuring the continuity of worship and maintenance at the site.[10]
Deity
editThe primary deity in the Amareswaraswamy Temple is a large Sivalinga, notable for its height, which requires priests to stand on a platform to perform daily rituals and the Abhisheka, a ceremonial anointment. According to temple lore, the Sivalinga once began to grow continuously, prompting devotees to drive a nail into its top to halt its expansion, resulting in a red mark where it is said blood emerged. The main idol, or Mula Virat, is a vertically aligned cylinder crafted from white marble.[7]
Legend
editLegend attributes the origins of the temple to events involving the demon king Tarakasura, who, after receiving a boon from Lord Siva, defeated the gods. To restore order, Lord Shiva vowed to eliminate the demon, and the gods came to reside at the site, thus giving the name Amaravati. Here, Shiva is worshipped as Amareswara, accompanied by his consort Bala Chamundika, one of the 18 revered goddesses.[4]
Architecture
edit
The Amararamam temple complex is surrounded by four towering gopuras in the Dravidian style, with a central vimana reflecting the same architectural design, enhancing its impressive structure. Located on Krouncha Saila, a small hill near the Krishna River, the temple combines Buddhist and Dravidian architectural influences.[1]
Access to the sanctum sanctorum, which is elevated, is via a flight of steps, leading to the main deity, a 15-foot white marble lingam called Amareswara, also known as Amaralingeswara. This lingam is the largest among the Pancharama lingams, with a circumference of three feet, and is worshipped through prayers and abhisheka rituals performed from a platform within the sanctum. The temple also houses the goddess Bala Chamundeswari Devi, considered the consort of Lord Amareswara.[1]
Festivals
editThe temple hosts several major Hindu festivals, including Maha Sivaratri, which falls on Magha Bahula Dasami, and Navaratri, along with various Kalyana Utsavas. Its sacred location along the Krishna River elevates the temple's religious significance, making it an important pilgrimage site.[11]
Transport
editThe temple is located approximately 40 km from Guntur.[12] The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) operates regular bus services from Guntur, Vijayawada, and Mangalagiri to Amaravathi.[13][14]
Renovation
editIn 2017, the temple's Gopuram was renovated to address structural cracks that had developed over time due to exposure to heavy equipment. This renovation, costing approximately ₹1.56 crore, revealed ancient artifacts dating back 1,800 years in the foundation pits.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Chitra Ramaswamy (29 June 2017). "Five for peace". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ a b c M. Krishna Kumari (1989). Pancharamas in Medieval Andhradesa. Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 29.
- ^ a b c C. Sivaramamurti (1956). Amaravati Sculptures In The Madras Government Museum. Madras Government Museum. p. 8.
- ^ a b "Amaralingeswara Temple Amaravati". Temples of India. Archived from the original on 7 October 2017.
- ^ H. Sarkar; S. P. Nainar (2007). Amaravati (5th ed.). Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 1–2.
- ^ "After 18 centuries, Amaravati set to become a 'capital' again". The Times of India. 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015.
- ^ a b Chandra Rao, Dr. P. Purna (2023). Chronicle of Guntur District Tourism (1 ed.). Guntur: Acharya Nagarjuna University. p. 20.
- ^ a b M. Krishna Kumari (1989). Pancharamas in Medieval Andhradesa. Agam Kala Prakashan. pp. 22–23.
- ^ M. Krishna Kumari (1989). Pancharamas in Medieval Andhradesa. Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 19.
- ^ a b Sujatha Varma (7 September 2015). "Ancient sculptures found in Amaravati". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ "Maha Sivaratri celebrated with religious fervour". The Hindu. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ "Amaravathi declared heritage city". The Hindu. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ "Tourist Services in Guntur Region". APSRTC. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019.
- ^ "RTC to operate 300 buses to 'Siva Kshetrams". The Hindu. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
External links
edit