Agattiyam (Tamil: அகத்தியம் ), also spelled as Akattiyam,[1] according to Tamil tradition, was the earliest book on Tamil grammar. It is a non-extant text, traditionally believed to have been compiled and taught in the First Sangam, (circa 300 BC) by Agattiyar (Agastya) to twelve students.[2][3][4] Agastya is one of the seven revered rishi of Vedic literature, mentioned in the Rigveda.[1] A few surviving verses of Akattiyam are said to be quoted in medieval commentaries.[5]
Agastya, in medieval commentaries of Tamil Hindu scholars, is variously credited with either creating the Tamil language or learning it from the god Shiva.[4] In contrast, according to medieval era Tamil Buddhist scholars, the sage learned Tamil from Avalokita. These legends are mentioned in Akitti Jataka and in Tamil Buddhist epics.[4] There is no direct mention of the sage's name, or Agattiyam text, in Tolkappiyam or the bardic poetry of the Sangam literature.[4]
Tolkappiyar (epithet), the author of Tolkappiyam, which is the oldest extant Tamil grammar, is believed by various traditions to be one of the twelve disciples of Agattiyar. Tolkappiyar is believed to have lived during the Second Sangam and to be the author of the Tolkappiyam that has survived.[4][6]
Legend
editThe context of the Agattiyam is in Sangam legend. Sangam literally means "gathering, meeting, fraternity, academy". According to David Dean Shulman – a scholar of Tamil language and literature, the Tamil tradition believes that the Sangam literature arose in distant antiquity over three periods, each stretching over many millennia.[1] The first has roots in the Hindu deity Shiva, his son Murugan, Kubera as well as 545 sages including the famed Rigvedic poet Agastya. The first academy, states the legend, extended over 4 millennia and was located far to the south of modern city of Madurai, a location later "swallowed up by the sea", states Shulman.[1][7] The second academy, also chaired by a very long-lived Agastya, was near the eastern seaside Kapāṭapuram and lasted three millennia. This was swallowed by floods. From the second Sangam, states the legend, the Akattiyam and the Tolkāppiyam survived and guided the third Sangam scholars.[7][8][2] Agastya convened this session and wrote the Agattiyam.
Surviving verses
editA few verses from Agattiyam have been quoted in medieval commentaries of the Tolkappiyam, Yapparunkalam virutti, and Nannūl.[1] The Agattiyam is quoted 18 times in a 13th-century commentary on Nannūl by Mayilainātar.[9] However, the authenticity of these verses is uncertain.[10]
Kamil Zvelebil states: "In Mayilainātar's commentary on Nannūl, and in Cankaranamaccivāyar's gloss on the same grammar, we find sixteen short sūtras of unequal length (all in all 48 lines) which are possibly genuine fragments of an old grammar, perhaps the Akattiyam."[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e David Shulman (2016). Tamil. Harvard University Press. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-0-674-05992-4.
- ^ a b Weiss, Richard S. (19 February 2009). Recipes for Immortality: Healing, Religion, and Community in South India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199715008.
- ^ K A Nilakanta Sastri (1966). A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford University Press. pp. 76–77.
- ^ a b c d e Zvelebil, Kamil (1975). Tamil Literature, Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL. pp. 61–63 with footnotes. ISBN 9004041907.
- ^ a b Kamil V. Zvelebil, Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature [New York: E. J. Brill, 1992), p246
- ^ Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170223740.
- ^ a b Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003). A Brief History of India. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781594777943.
- ^ David Shulman (2016). Tamil. Harvard University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-674-97465-4.
- ^ Jean Luc Chevillard, "The Pantheon of Tamil Grammarians: A Short History of the Myth of Agastya's Twelve Disciples", in Écrire et transmettre en Inde classique, ed. Gérard Colas et Gerdi Gerschheimer, Études thématiques, 23 [Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient, 2009], p264
- ^ N. Subrahmanian, ed. (1997). Tamil social history. Institute of Asian Studies.