In the context of globalization and the subsequent proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs), legal scholars generally refer to the political strategy used by a sovereign state to leverage a trade agreement's substantive rules to counter behavior it deems unreasonable by its trading partners, as aggressive legalism.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Development of aggressive legalism
editFollowing World War II and the Bretton Woods Conference, the United States and the Allied Powers designed a new world economic order, partially emphasizing greater cooperative trade relationships. With the adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1946 and via its replacement by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, these countries developed a comprehensive legal framework, that reflected their common legal traditions, to facilitate these relationships, including a system to settle disputes that favored litigation.[7][8]
Somewhat under GATT in the 1950s but specifically with the adoption of the WTO, these countries engaged increased trade with Asian countries, as they became signatories.[8] Initially, while the U.S. and the Allied Powers leveraged the agreement's respective legal frameworks and dispute-mechanisms including litigation to deal with disputes with their trading partners, many Asian countries choose not to.[8] Instead, they avoided legal confrontation, in favor of bilateral negotiations to arrive at a settlement. Social-cultural disparities between each, concerning an inclination to litigate, are likely indicative of why.[7][8]
However, in the 1980s and 1990s, under both GATT and WTO, many Asian countries began to utilize their legal frameworks to settle disputes.[8]
In 2001, in Aggressive Legalism: The Rules of the WTO and Japan’s Emerging Trade Strategy, Saadia M. Pekkanen described the increasing tendency of the Japanese government's use of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) dispute settlement protocols to counter adverse acts by its trading partners as aggressive legalism. Aggressive legalism, she argued is “a conscious strategy where a substantive set of international legal rules can be made to serve as both ‘shield’ and ‘sword’ in trade disputes among sovereign states.”[7][8]
Modern aggressive legalism
editIn a policy primer for the United States Government, The Policymaker's Library wrote that the United States' influence with its Asian trading partners has waned and that an "emphasis on aggressive legalism" affords opportunities to reshape economic relationships going forward.[9]
United States
editThe Korea–US Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), reflects a political strategy by both the United States and South Korea of aggressive legalism. That is, both countries agreed to envelope in the agreement binding legal rules to deal with lingering bilateral trade disputes.[1][10]
Asia
editFollowing the succession of GATT with the WTO in the 1980s and 1990s, many Asian countries, including China,[11][12][13] Japan,[14] and South Korea,[1][2][3][4] shifted to a policy of aggressive legalism, evidenced by each's willingness to use the legal frameworks provided under both to directly engage bilateral trading disputes with their partners.[1][2][3][4][15][16]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Choi, Won-Mog (September 2009). "Aggressive Legalism In Korea". Journal of Economic Law: 595–615.
- ^ a b c Jung, Youngjin (2002). "China's Aggressive Legalism". Journal of World Trade: 1037–1060. doi:10.54648/TRAD2003003. S2CID 155540316.
- ^ a b c Gao, Henry; David Lewis (November 2005). "Aggressive Legalism: The East Asian Experience". Cameron May Publishers.
- ^ a b c Nagakawa, Junji. "No More Negotiated Deals?: Settlement of Trade and Investment Disputes in East Asia". Journal of International Economic Law. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ Feffer, John (12 March 2009). "Japan's Grand Strategy". IP News Asia. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
- ^ Singh, Prabhakar (2007). "From Narcissistic Positive International Law to Universal Natural International Law: The Dialectics of Colonial Disputes". Sri Lanka Journal of International Law. 19 (1).
- ^ a b c Pekkanen, Saadia M. (2001). "Aggressive Legalism: The Rules of the WTO and Japan's Emerging Trade Strategy". World Economy. 24 (5): 707–738. doi:10.1111/1467-9701.00377.
- ^ a b c d e f Masaki, Hisane (21 August 2005). "China and the Legacy of the Plaza Accord". The Asian Times. Archived from the original on 12 December 2005. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "The Policymaker's Library: Asia Policy" (PDF). The National Bureau of Asian Research (7): 159–89. January 2009.
- ^ Ahn, Dukgeun (September 2003). "Korea In The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System: Legal Battle For Economic Development". Journal of International Economic Law. 6 (3): 597–633. doi:10.1093/jiel/6.3.597.
- ^ Mercurcio, Bryan; Mitali Tyagi (2012). "China's Evolving Role in WTO Dispute Settlement: Acceptance, Consolidation and Activation". European Yearbook of International Economic Law (EYIEL), Vol. 3 (2012). Vol. 3. pp. 89–123. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23309-8_3. ISBN 978-3-642-23308-1. S2CID 154502394.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Verghese, Aditi (2010). "The Evolution of China as a WTO Disputant" (PDF). Trade Law Brief: University of Bhopal, India. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
- ^ Manjiao, Chi (March 2012). "China's participation in WTO dispute settlement over the past decade: experiences and impacts". Journal of International Economic Law. 15: 29–49. doi:10.1093/jiel/jgs002.
- ^ Kobayashi, Jirokazu (2004). "The Future of Japan's Trade Policy Regarding Bilateral Trade Disputes - Thoughts on the Enactment of "The Damages Recovery Law Countering the U.S. Anti-dumping Act of 1916"". Research Institute of Economy, Trade, and Industry. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ Inoguchi, Takashi. "Japan Desperately Needs a Grand Strategy". East Asia Forum. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
- ^ Masaki, Hisane. "Sunset for Japanese chip makers?". The Asian Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
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