The African warblers are a newly erected family Macrosphenidae, of African songbirds. Most of the species were formerly placed in the Old World warbler family Sylviidae, although one species, the rockrunner, was placed in the babbler family, Timaliidae. A series of molecular studies of the Old World warblers and other bird families in the superfamily Sylvioidea (which includes the larks, swallows and tits) found that the African warblers were not part of Sylviidae but were instead an early (basal) offshoot of the entire clade Sylvioidea.[1][2] Some taxonomic authorities place the entire family Hyliidae here.
| African warblers | |
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| Cape grassbird Sphenoeacus afer | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Superfamily: | Sylvioidea |
| Family: | Macrosphenidae Wolters, 1983 |
| Genera | |
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See text | |
Taxonomy
editThe family name (as the subfamily Macrospheninae) was introduced by the German ornithologist Hans Wolters in 1983 but was not formally defined until 2012.[3][4][5] The family contains 18 species divided into 6 genera.[6]
The genus level phylogeny shown below is based on a genetic study by Silke Fregin and collaborators that was published in 2012. The rockrunner Achaetops pycnopygius was not included in the study.[5]
| Macrosphenidae |
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Distribution and habitat
editThe African warblers inhabit a range of habitats in sub-Saharan Africa. These range from primary rainforest to forest edge and open woodland habitats for the longbills, wooded savanna to arid scrubland and bushland in the crombecs, rocky arid scree areas and grassland for the rockrunner, and grassland for the moustached grass warbler and Cape grassbird. The family is overwhelmingly non-migratory, although the moustached grass warbler and the northern crombec both make some localised movements in West Africa related to the rainy season.[7]
Description
editThe African warblers range in size from the smaller crombecs, which measure 8 cm (3.1 in) in length and weigh as little as 6.5 g (0.23 oz), to the Cape grassbird, which measures 19–23 cm (7.5–9.1 in) in length and the moustached grass warbler which weighs 29–40 g (1.0–1.4 oz). There is considerable difference in appearance between the genera; for example, the two grass warblers and Victorin's warbler possess long graduated tails, whereas the crombecs have tails which barely extend beyond the tail coverts and folded wings.[7]
Behaviour
editThe African warblers are insect eaters, and take a range of insect prey. The longbills and crombecs feed in the canopy and in bushes, either as singles or pairs and sometimes in small groups, whereas the other species are more terrestrial in their habits. Where two species co-occur, such as the red-faced crombec and the long-billed crombec over parts of their range, niche partitioning occurs, with one species feeding in the canopy and the other species feeding lower down in the bushes and trees. Some species of both crombec and longbill have been reported to join mixed-species feeding flocks.[7]
Breeding is seasonal and usually timed to coincide with the end of the dry season and beginning of the rainy season; in species with large ranges this can lead to considerable variation as to the exact timing. Information is lacking in many species, but for those that have been studied the African warblers are territorial and monogamous. Nest design varies within the family; the crombecs construct deep pocket-shaped nests suspended from a branch; whereas the Victorin's warbler, Cape grassbird and moustached grass warbler construct cup nests weaved from grass.[7]
Status and conservation
editThe majority of this family are considered to be fairly secure and are listed by the IUCN as least concern. One species, the Pulitzer's longbill, is listed as endangered. This species is endemic to forests found on escarpments in western Angola, a habitat threatened by forest clearance and the spread of slash-and-burn agriculture, and the population is thought to number less than a thousand and is still declining. Another potential concern is Chapin's crombec, which is either a species or a subspecies of the white-browed crombec. The status of this bird is uncertain, as conflict has prevented surveys in its range, but it may be extinct.
Species
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- Genus Sylvietta – crombecs
- Green crombec, Sylvietta virens
- Lemon-bellied crombec, Sylvietta denti
- White-browed crombec, Sylvietta leucophrys
- Chapin's crombec, Sylvietta (leucophrys) chapini – possibly extinct (late 20th century?)
- Northern crombec, Sylvietta brachyura
- Philippa's crombec, Sylvietta philippae
- Red-capped crombec, Sylvietta ruficapilla
- Red-faced crombec, Sylvietta whytii
- Somali crombec, Sylvietta isabellina
- Long-billed crombec, Sylvietta rufescens
- Genus Melocichla
- Moustached grass warbler, Melocichla mentalis
- Genus Achaetops
- Rockrunner, Achaetops pycnopygius
- Genus Sphenoeacus
- Cape grassbird, Sphenoeacus afer
- Genus Cryptillas – formerly Bradypterus (now Locustellidae)
- Victorin's warbler, Cryptillas victorini
- Genus Macrosphenus – longbills
- Kemp's longbill, Macrosphenus kempi
- Yellow longbill, Macrosphenus flavicans
- Grey longbill, Macrosphenus concolor
- Pulitzer's longbill, Macrosphenus pulitzeri
- Kretschmer's longbill, Macrosphenus kretschmeri
References
edit- ^ Beresford, P; F.K. Barker; P.G. Ryan; T.M. Crowe (2005). "African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): Molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 272 (1565): 849–858. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997. PMC 1599865. PMID 15888418.
- ^ Johansson, Ulf; Jon Fjeldså; Rauri C.K. Bowie (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships within Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes): A review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (3): 858–87. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.029. PMID 18619860.
- ^ Wolters, Hans E. (1983). Die Vögel Europas im System der Vögel : eine Übersicht (in German). Baden-Baden: Biotropic Verlag. ISBN 978-3-922465-04-1.
- ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 152, 265. hdl:2246/830.
- ^ a b Fregin, S.; Haase, M.; Olsson, U.; Alström, P. (2012). "New insights into family relationships within the avian superfamily Sylvioidea (Passeriformes) based on seven molecular markers". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (1): 157. Bibcode:2012BMCEE..12..157F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-157. PMC 3462691. PMID 22920688.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Cupwings, crombecs, cettiid bush warblers, Streaked Scrub Warbler, yellow flycatchers, hylias". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d Franz Bairlein, Per Alström, Raül Aymí, Peter Clement, Andrzej Dyrcz, Gabriel Gargallo, Frank Hawkins, Steve Madge, David Pearson & Lars Svensson "Family Sylviidae (Old World Warblers)" in del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-96553-06-X.