The Islamic Emirate Commandos (formerly ANA Commando Brigade;[5] ANA Commando Battalion and Afghan National Army Commando Corps[4]) is a commando (special operations capable) force of the Islamic Emirate Army. During the Taliban insurgency, the commandos comprised 7% of the Afghan National Security Forces but conducted 70% to 80% of the fighting.[6] The structure of the unit was based on the U.S. Army's 75th Ranger Regiment.[7]
| Islamic Emirate Commandos کماندوهای امارت اسلامی | |
|---|---|
| Active | 24 July 2007 – 15 August 2021 15 August 2021 – present (under the Taliban |
| Country |  Afghanistan |
| Branch | Islamic Emirate Army |
| Type | Commando |
| Role | Air assault Anti-tank warfare Artillery observer Bomb disposal Clandestine operation Close-quarters combat Counterinsurgency Counterterrorism Desert warfare Direct action Force protection HUMINT Irregular warfare Mountain warfare Patrolling Raiding Reconnaissance Special operations Special reconnaissance Tracking Urban warfare |
| Size | 21,000 commandos (2017)[1][2] 30,000 commandos (2021)[3] |
| Part of | ANA Special Operations Command |
| Headquarters | Rish Khor camp (Camp Morehead), Kabul Province, Afghanistan[4] |
| Motto(s) | Khoda, Watan, Wazifa |
| Engagements | War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Islamic State–Taliban conflict |
Upon the fall of Kabul and the collapse of both the ANA and Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in August 2021, the Commando Corps was dissolved. It has, since then, been reactivated with a new flag and a new emblem as of 2024.[8][9]
Selection and training
editThe first commando battalion was formed from existing infantry battalions. In early 2007, a program began to take one conventional infantry kandak battalion from each of the regional ANA corps, give them special training and equipment, and reorganise them based on the 75th Ranger Regiment of the United States Army. Each battalion was assigned to one of the six regional corps.
Training was conducted at the Morehead Commando Training Center (Rish Khor camp), a longtime former Afghan Army installation located ten kilometres (six miles) south of Kabul. The camp was reported as being in either Wardak Province or Kabul Province.[10]
The 12-week course ran three separate training programmes for different parts of the nascent unit at the same time. The primary and bulk of the training was geared for the infantry toli (company), with a focus on individual skills and small unit tactics. To support the fighting companies, the headquarters and headquarters toli received other training such as in mortars, medical care, and communications. The third section focused on the kandak staff and their command and control functions.[11]
The unit recruited from various ANA units all over Afghanistan, taking in prospective Pashtuns, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, and Turkmen to prevent forms of tribal allegiance and bias.[7]
The first commando kandak graduated on July 24, 2007, with Colonel Fareed Ahmadi as its commander.[12] Upon graduation, each commando kandak returned to its designated corps area along with an embedded U.S. Army Special Forces A-Team, and began going through an 18-week cycle: six weeks each of train-up, missions, and recovery. Both the U.S. 3rd Special Forces Group and 7th Special Forces Group rotated responsibility to train and advise in Afghanistan.[13]
While the original plan by the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was for one brigade with six kandaks, the ANA wanted a full division with three brigades and 15 kandaks.[14]
After the fall of Kabul in 2021
editDuring the 2021 Taliban offensive, 22 commandos were executed by the Taliban in the Faryab Province after surrendering.[15] While the Taliban were known to show leniency to regular ANA troops, commandos and Afghan Air Force pilots were especially targeted by the Taliban.[16]
Some remnants of the ANA regrouped in the Panjshir Valley, where they joined the anti-Taliban National Resistance Front of Afghanistan.[17] Around 500–600 remaining Afghan troops, made up mostly of Afghan commandos, were reported to have refused to surrender to the Taliban in Kabul, and instead joined up with U.S. forces at Kabul International Airport, helping them secure the outer perimeter of the airport during the evacuation in August 2021.[18]
Some Afghan commandos were evacuated to the United Kingdom. On 1 September 2021, Forbes reported that the UK was contemplating recruiting such evacuated commandos into the British Army.[19]
In October 2022, the Russian Armed Forces reportedly started to recruit former Afghan commandos for the invasion of Ukraine.[20] In November that same year, it was reported that Iran was also recruiting former commandos for use in Yemen, primarily those who had fled into Iran during the 2021 Taliban offensive.[21]
The ANA Commando Corps is still part of the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate Army, with a new flag and sleeve insignia. The tradition of wearing a maroon beret has still been retained, previously worn by the Afghan Commando Forces and similar formations since 1970.[22][23][24]
Notes
edit- ^ "U.S. Special Forces train Afghans in own image, success could lead to troop withdrawals in region". NY Daily News. 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ "Special Operations: Afghans Create A-Teams". Strategypage.com. 2010-05-23. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ "Former US-Trained Afghan Commandos Recruited by Russia, Iran".
- ^ a b "Afghan National Army update, May 2011 | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. May 9, 2011.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-10. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Cooper, Helene (2017-08-20). "Afghan Forces Are Praised, Despite Still Relying Heavily on U.S. Help". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
- ^ a b Neville 2019, p. 59.
- ^ MoD Afghanistan (2024-06-05). برنامه اردو اسلامی ملی از قول اردو ۲۰۳ منصوری. Retrieved 2024-06-28 – via YouTube.
- ^ "صفحه اصلی | وزارت دفاع ملی". mod.gov.af. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
- ^ USA Today, France to withdraw 200 special forces from Afghanistan
- ^ US Department of Defense, Gates Visits New Afghan Commando Training Site
- ^ Npr.org, New Afghan Commandos Take to the Frontlines
- ^ "Afghan commandos emerge - World news - Washington Post". MSNBC. 2008-04-18. Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ "ANA Commandos First on the Ground in Marjah | ISAF - International Security Assistance Force". Isaf.nato.int. Archived from the original on 2013-03-09. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ Anna Coren, Sandi Sidhu, Tim Lister and Abdul Basir Bina (13 July 2021). "Taliban fighters execute 22 Afghan commandos as they try to surrender". CNN. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees; Shalizi, Hamid (2021-07-09). "Special Report: Afghan pilots assassinated by Taliban as U.S. withdraws". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
- ^ Hakemy, Sulaiman (17 August 2021). "Panjshir: The last bastion of anti-Taliban resistance in Afghanistan". The National. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- ^ Regencia, Tamila Varshalomidze,Usaid Siddiqui,Ted (2021-08-25). "Biden keeps to August 31 deadline for Kabul airlift". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Afghan Commandos May Join the British Army". Forbes.
- ^ O’Donnell, Lynne. "Russia's Recruiting Afghan Commandos". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ^ Noori, Zheela; Ahmadyar, Najib (November 7, 2022). "Former US-Trained Afghan Commandos Recruited by Russia, Iran". VOA. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ "صفحه اصلی | وزارت دفاع ملی". mod.gov.af. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
- ^ MoD Afghanistan (2023-04-18). د ملي دفاع وزارت ځانګري ځواک بشپړ اصدار. Retrieved 2024-06-28 – via YouTube.
- ^ Conboy, Kenneth (2012-05-20). Elite Forces of India and Pakistan. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-767-7.
References
edit
- Neville, Leigh (2019). The Elite: The A–Z of Modern Special Operations Forces. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472824295.