The Accomac people[3] were a historic Native American tribe in Accomack and Northampton counties in Virginia.[1] They were loosely affiliated with the Powhatan Confederacy.[1] Archeological and historical record suggest trading relationships between the Accomacs and the Powhatans as well as other related groups such as the Occohannocks.[4]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| extinct as a tribe[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Virginia | |
| Languages | |
| unattested Eastern Algonquian language | |
| Religion | |
| Indigenous | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Powhatan Confederacy |
The term Accomac was eventually applied to a larger group of related Indigenous peoples living on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. To the north, the Eastern Shore of Maryland was home to the Pocomoke and related tribes, such as the Annamessex.[5] Further north, the Assateague people lived on the Atlantic Coast of Maryland and Delaware.[6]
History
edit
Their primary settlement, also called Accomac, was near present-day Cheriton, Virginia, on Cherrystone inlet in Northampton County.[1] This settlement was located in proximity to Tsenacomoco, the Powhatans' primary chiefdom.[7]
Debedeavon (Accomac, died 1657) was the principal chief of the Accomac when English colonists first arrived in 1608. They called him the "Laughing King" and allied with him. In 1608, the Accomac were recorded as having 80 warriors. [1] This initial population estimate is likely already diminished due to spread of epidemic disease from initial contact with the Roanoke Colony in 1585.[4] [8] Based on disease profile descriptions involving high fatality rates, short illness lifecycle, and strongest outbreaks during cold seasons, this epidemic is thought to have been caused by an Influenza virus carried over from Europe for which the Accomac people did not have built up defenses.[9]
Records indicate that by the mid 17th century, the British colonists had appropriated a majority of Accomac land.[10] By 1700, the Accomac population had declined by approximately 90 percent due to introduced diseases such as smallpox and violence from the colonists.[11] The colonists began calling all American Indians to the immediate east of Chesapeake Bay "Accomac."[1] They maintained communal lands through 1812, mostly in and near Accomack County.[1]
A subgroup, the Gingaskins, lived near present-day Eastville, Virginia. They intermarried with African Americans living nearby. After Nat Turner's Rebellion in 1831, local White Americans forcibly expelled them from their homelands.[1]
Culture and tradition
editLittle is known about the Accomac’s day to day life due to a scarcity of archival records and archeological excavation in the area.[4][12] However, there is some evidence that the land was deer scarce. As such, the Accomac appear to have relied on fishing and horticulture over hunting for their nutritional needs.[4][12] It is thought that corn and beans were their primary crops while the occasional deer was hunted in order to make clothing and tools. [4]
Subtribes
edit
Subtribes of the Accomac included the following groups:
Name
editPhilologist James Hammond Trumbull wrote that Accomac means "the other-side place" or "on-the-other-side-of-water place."[15] Alternative spellings include Accawmacke, Accomack, Accowmack, Acomack, and Acomak.[1]
Cultural heritage groups
editMaryland designated the Accohannock Indian Tribe as a state-recognized tribe in 2017.[16] They claim to be descendants of the Accomac people; however, historians and other Native American tribes dispute those claims.[16] The Maryland-based organization should not be confused with the American Indigenous Accawmacke Indians, an unrecognized nonprofit organization based in Cape Charles, Virginia.[17]
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Helen C. Rountree. Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. ISBN 9780806128498.
- Weslager, Clinton Alfred. The Accomac and Accohannock Indians from Early Relations. Cape Charles: Hickory House, 2001. ISBN 1886706522.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook, 8.
- ^ a b Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2.
- ^ Or Accawmack, Accawmacke, Accowmack, Accohanoc.[2]
- ^ a b c d e Rountree, Helen C.; Davidson, Thomas E. (1997). Eastern Shore Indians of Virginia and Maryland. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-8139-1734-4.
- ^ Christian F. Feest, "Nanticoke and Neighboring Tribes," 240–41.
- ^ Christian F. Feest, "Nanticoke and Neighboring Tribes," 241.
- ^ Wolfe, Brendan. "Indigenous Peoples in Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ Mires, Peter B. (1994). "Contact and Contagion: The Roanoke Colony and Influenza". Historical Archaeology. 28 (3): 30–38. ISSN 0440-9213.
- ^ Mires, Peter B. (1994). "Contact and Contagion: The Roanoke Colony and Influenza". Historical Archaeology. 28 (3): 30–38. ISSN 0440-9213.
- ^ Rountree, Helen C. (1996). Pocahontas's people: the Powhatan Indians of Virginia through four centuries. The civilization of the American Indian series (1st paperback ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2849-8.
- ^ Christian F. Feest, "Nanticoke and Neighboring Tribes," 242.
- ^ a b Feest, Christian F. (1978). Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol.15. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 240–252.
- ^ Or Accahanock, Accohanoc, Anancock, Accohannock, Accohanock, Oanancocke, Occoahannock, Onancock, Accotronack.[2]
- ^ Christian F. Feest, "Nanticoke and Neighboring Tribes," 248.
- ^ Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook, 7.
- ^ a b Tkacik, Christina (11 February 2018). "Maryland recognition of Accohannock tribe sparks debate within community of Native Americans". baltimoresun.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
- ^ "American Indigenous Accawmacke Indians". GuideStar. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
Bibliography
edit- Hodge, Frederick Webb (1911). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
- Feest, Christian F. (1978). Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol. 15. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 240–48.
- Roundtree, Helen C. (1990). Pocahontas’s People : The Powhatan Indians of Virginia through Four Centuries. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806128498.
- Roundtree, Helen C.; Davidson, Thomas E. (1997). Eastern Shore Indians of Virginia and Maryland. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-0813918013.
- Mires, Peter B. (1994). "Contact and Contagion: The Roanoke Colony and Influenza". Historical Archaeology. 28 (3): 30–38 – via JSTOR.
- Wolfe, Brendan (2020-12-09). "Indigenous Peoples in Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2024-04-29.