The AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central was a United States Air Force computerized command and control system. Several of the centrals were used in the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air defense network for Cold War ground-controlled interception to give "each combat center the capability to coordinate defense for the whole nation".[1] Each AN/FSQ-8 (“AN/FSQ” derives from “Army-Navy / Fixed Special eQuipment”)[2] was a smaller variant of the AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central with less equipment since the Q8 received processed air defense data from AN/FSQ-7 centrals at Direction Centers. The AN/FSQ-8 centrals were housed in eight[3] 3-story[4] SAGE Combat Center (SCC) buildings similar to the Direction Center building (some were colocated)[1] and the Q8s allowed "supervision of the several sectors within the division."[4] The Combat Centers "forwarded the divisional air defense status to" NORAD[5] (initially at Ent AFB in 1957, the Chidlaw Building in 1963, and the Cheyenne Mountain Complex in 1966).
Technology
editThe AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central, similar to the AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central had four main systems used for creating commands for the United States Air Force. This includes an input system, display system, and the output system. All three of these were process or controlled by a central computer system.
The input system focused on processing manual input or autonomous information coming from radar equipment. Examples of radar detection data would be any plane detected approaching the United States, or already within its border. This information was then transformed into computer-readable data stored in magnetic drum memory. This input system is similar to that of which found in the AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central.[6]
The magnetic drum system retained the processed data until needed for processing. The drum memory unit responsible for input data had four sections. These included manual input coming from system operators via punch cards or light guns, from gap-filler radars, long-range radar, and intel coming from other control centers.[6]
Information stored from the input would then be processed by the central computer system using technology created by IBM.[6] This system performed as a rudimentary modern CPU, containing auxiliary data storage drums acting as RAM would in today's computers. Additionally, this system was capable on running programs concerned with logic and arithmetic focused on processing the input data into tactical military information for the control center and sending the output back to the drum memory used for the display system.[6]
The processed data is then able to be displayed via the drum storage and cathode-ray tube displays(CRT). The displays on the AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central and AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central are similar, except for the former having a simpler layout and fewer displays. The centerpiece of the displays was a CRT designated for showing the current plane positions and geographical information. The situation display could be adjusted via light guns and keyboard inputs.[6] Non display information could be transmitted by an auxiliary console which focused on handling ground to ground, military messages, or commands for defense systems. It may be important to note that the AN/FSQ-8 did not send ground to air messages, but the AN/FSQ-7 did.[6]
Differences with the AN/FSQ-7
edit| Differences between the AN/FSQ-7 & -8 | ||
| Combat Direction Central | Combat Control Central | |
| Computer program: Direction Center Active (DCA) |
Control Center Active (CCA)[7]: 165 (no ATABE fire distribution algorithm) | |
| Long-range Radar Input (LRI) & consoles[4] | "not included"[7]: 159 | |
| Gap-filler Radar Input (GFI) | "not included"[7]: 159 | |
| Ground-to-air (G/A) message transmission | not included[4] | |
| Automatic Initiation Area Discriminator[7]: 151 | not included | |
| Core Memory Bank 1: 65,536 words |
4096 words | |
| 1st test memory location: 3.777608 |
0.200008[7]: 163 | |
References
edit- ^ Winkler, David F; Webster, Julie L (June 1997). Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program (Report). U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories. p. 51 (pdf). Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
- ^ Dyson, George (April 1997). Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (1 ed.). Basic Books. p. 179. ISBN 0-7382-0030-1.
- ^ SAGE A/N FSQ-7
- ^ a b c d http://ed-thelen.org/SageIntro.html "The function of the Control Center in solving the air defense problem is to combine, summarize, and display the air battle picture for the supervision of the several sectors within the division." (p. 7)
- ^ Belzer, Jack (September 1, 1975). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology (Google Books). Vol. 2. CRC Press. ISBN 9780824722524. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
- ^ a b c d e f "INTRODUCTION TO AN/FSQ-7 COMBAT DIRECTION CENTRAL AND AN/FSQ-8 COMBAT CONTROL CENTRAL". ed-thelen.org. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
- ^ a b c d e Theory of Programming for AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central and AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central (PDF) (Report). IBM Military Products Division. April 1, 1959. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
"Because the AN/FSQ-8 receives reports on processed air defense data from AN/FSQ-7s, the discussion concerning radar data does not apply to this machine, only to the AN/FSQ-7.''
(p. 153)