9×39mm

The 9×39mm is a Soviet rifle cartridge. The cartridge yields increased performance in shorter barrels and effective subsonic performance for silencer use when compared to 7.62×39mm and 5.45×39mm.

9×39mm
9×39mm SPP (7N9) cartridges with blue-tip armor-piercing bullets
Type	Rifle cartridge
Place of origin	Soviet Union (Now Russia)
Production history
Designer	Undisclosed team of 27 & Nikolai Zabelin
Designed	Began in 1940s, finished in 1980s
Specifications
Parent case	7.62×39mm
Case type	Rimless, bottleneck
Bullet diameter	SP-5: 9.25 mm (0.364 in) SP-6: 9.26 mm (0.365 in)
Land diameter	9.00 mm (0.354 in)
Neck diameter	9.98 mm (0.393 in)
Shoulder diameter	10.36 mm (0.408 in)
Base diameter	11.35 mm (0.447 in)
Rim diameter	11.35 mm (0.447 in)
Rim thickness	1.50 mm (0.059 in)
Case length	SP-5: 38.76 mm (1.526 in) SP-6: 38.78 mm (1.527 in)
Overall length	56 mm (2.2 in)
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy 16.1 g (248 gr) SP-5 290 m/s (950 ft/s) 677 J (499 ft⋅lbf) 18.0 g (278 gr) Wolf FMJ 327 m/s (1,073 ft/s) 964 J (711 ft⋅lbf) 16.2 g (250 gr) SP-6 305 m/s (1,000 ft/s) 754 J (556 ft⋅lbf)
Test barrel length: 270 mm (10.5 in) Source(s): Russian military data, RifleShooter Magazine

History and design

The 9×39 is based on the Soviet 7.62×39mm case but with the neck expanded to fit a 9.2mm bullet. The final design was completed by N. Zabelin, L. Dvoryaninova, and Y. Frolov of the TsNIITochMash in the 1980s. The intent was to create a more stealthy cartridge for suppressed firearms used by Spetsnaz and other special troops that had more power, range, and penetration than 7.62 US subsonic rounds used in AKM-type rifles at the time.

The subsonic round is originally designed to have an optimistic effective lethal range of 400 to 530 meters and a maximum penetration of up to 10 mm of steel. Like the 5.45×39mm cartridge, the 9×39mm SP-5 features an air pocket in the tip, which increases its tendency to yaw or "keyhole" upon impact, thus increasing soft tissue damage in human targets. The armor-piercing SP-6 cartridge is more effective against light armor, vehicles, or light barrier targets.

Commercial Wolf and Tula brand Ammunition that was being imported into the United States was subsequently banned on September 7, 2021 by President Biden as part of sanctions against Russia for poisoning of Aleksey Navalny.

While the 9×39 is very popular in several European countries, many of which had previously been under the control of the USSR, it was only introduced in America in late 2018.

Since there are many users in the U.S. that had adopted the 9×39 round prior to the import ban, were forced to reload their own ammunition. However, there are multiple companies worldwide who make 9.3mm (.366") Mauser bullets which are suited for reloading the 9×39, including Hornady, Barnes, Nosler, Prvi Partizan, Lapua, and others.

Redding Reloading produces a set of full size reloading dies.

Lehigh Defense briefly made prototypes that had limited distribution of their maximum expansion and xtreme penetration copper bullets designs for subsonic rounds.

KAK Industries sold bullets which include 125 gr solid copper, and 140 gr slitted copper projectiles capable of being fired at supersonic velocities.

There are companies such as NOE and LEE which make cast bullet molds for the 9.3mm Mauser cartridge. Powder coated cast bullets generally work exceptionally well at subsonic velocities and have decent expansion in gel targets too.

Roswell Manufacturing has developed and tested 9x39mm ammunition using cases provided by Starline Brass and a 278 gr copper-plated lead bullet with a diameter of .362 inches / 9.19mm, consistent with the original Wolf specification. During development, Roswell Manufacturing identified significant inconsistencies in existing 9x39mm ammunition and tooling specifications, with some tooling even mislabeled. As a result, Roswell opted for a combination of standards that provided the best compatibility and performance, achieving results that exceed those of the original Wolf and Tula ammunition.

Variants

Cartridge	SP-5(7N8)	SP-5UZ	SP-6(7N9)	SP-6UCh	PAB-9	SPP	BP(7N12)
Type	Sniper	Test (increased charge)	Armor-piercing	Training	Armor-piercing	Sniper (increased penetration)	Armor-piercing
Bullet weight [g]	Up to 16.8		About 16		Up to 17.3
Muzzle velocity [m/s]	280–320		280–290		280–305	280-320	280-310
Muzzle energy [J]	658-860				678-886
Maximum penetration			Up to 8 mm of steel		Up to 8 mm of steel

SP-5 (7N8) – The SP-5 (СП-5) (SP: Spetsialnyj Patron; "special cartridge") was developed by Nikolai Zabelin. It is a conventional lead core FMJ bullet, developed for accuracy.

SP-5UZ – The SP-5UZ (СП5-УЗ) is an SP-5 variant with an increased charge intended for a factory-specific strength testing of the weapons.

SP-6 (7N9) – The SP-6 (СП-6) was developed by Yuri Frolov. It has a hardened metal armor-piercing core. It can penetrate 2 mm (0.079 in) of steel at 500 meters or 6 mm (0.24 in) of steel, 2.8 mm (0.11 in) of titanium or 30 layers of Kevlar at 200 meters. At 100 meters it can penetrate 8 mm (0.31 in) of steel or GOST 3 rated body armor, while retaining enough power to inflict damage to a soft target behind it.

SP-6UCh – The SP-6Uch (СП-6Уч) is an SP-6 variant intended for training.

PAB-9 (7N12) – The SP-6's bullet is expensive to manufacture, so an attempt was made to make a lower-cost version of the cartridge. The PAB-9 (ПАБ-9) used a stamped rather than machined steel core. It sacrificed too much performance to be usable. As of 2011, its usage by Russian troops is prohibited.

SPP – The SPP (СПП) (SPP: Snaiperskiy, Povishennaya Probivaemost; "sniper – increased penetration") is a sniper round with increased penetration.

BP – The BP (БП) (BP: Broneboinaya Pulya; "armor-piercing bullet") is an armor-piercing round. Three modernizations of PAB-9 were created under the designation of BP to remedy its unusable performance.

Weapons

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

• 9A-91
• AK-9
• AS "Val"
• OTs-12 "Tiss"
• OTs-14-4A "Groza"
• SR-3, SR-3M "Vikhr"
• VSK-94
• VSS Vintorez
• AMB-17

See also

• 12.7×55mm STs-130
• 8.6mm Blackout
• .338 Whisper
• .350 Legend

Bibliography

• Jane's Infantry Weapons 1997-98 (23rd ed.). Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group. 1997. p. 458. ISBN 0-7106-1548-5.

External links

• photo of cartridges
• photo of cartridges
• photo of bullets
• Modern Firearms - Special purpose small arms ammunition of USSR and Russia
• 9×39mm special cartridges