The 5"/25 caliber gun (spoken "five-inch-twenty-five-caliber") entered service as the standard heavy anti-aircraft (AA) gun for United States Washington Naval Treaty cruisers commissioned in the 1920s and 1930s. The goal of the 5"/25 design was to produce a heavy AA gun that was light enough to be rapidly trained manually.[2] The gun was also mounted on pre-World War II battleships and aircraft carriers until replaced by the standard widespread dual-purpose 5"/38 caliber gun, which was derived from the 5"/25. Guns removed from battleships were probably converted for submarine use by late 1943, while a purpose-built variant for submarines was available in mid-1944, and was widely used by them.[3] United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile 5 inches (127 mm) in diameter, and the barrel was 25 calibers long (that is, for a 5" bore and a barrel length of 25 calibers, 5" x 25 = 125", or about 3.2 meters).[4] It is referred to sometimes as a dual-purpose gun and sometimes as an anti-aircraft gun, because of its comparative weakness against surface targets.
| 5"/25 Caliber Gun | |
|---|---|
 On the deck of Balao-class submarine USS Bowfin | |
| Type | Anti-aircraft gun Naval gun |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| Used by | US Navy, Argentine Navy |
| Wars | World War II, Falklands War |
| Production history | |
| Variants | Mk 10, 11, 13, 17 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 2 metric tons |
| Length | 11 ft 10 in (3.6 m) |
| Barrel length | 10 ft 5 in (3,175 mm) bore (25 calibers) 8 ft 2 in (2.4 m) rifling |
| Shell | 127 × 626 mm R fixed or semi-fixed 52 to 54.5 lb (23.6 to 24.7 kg)[1] |
| Caliber | 5 in (127 mm) |
| Elevation | -10° to +85° |
| Muzzle velocity | 2,100 ft/s (640 m/s) average |
| Effective firing range | 14,500 yards (13,300 m) at 40° 27,400 feet (8,400 m) at 85° |
History
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The gun weighed about 2 metric tons and used fixed ammunition (case and projectile handled as a single assembled unit) with a 9.6-pound (4.4 kg) charge of smokeless powder to give a 54-pound (24 kg) projectile a velocity of 2100 feet per second (640 m/s). The ceiling was 27,400 feet (8,400 m) at the maximum elevation of 85 degrees. Useful life expectancy was 4260 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.[3] The short barrel of the 5"/25 made it much easier to train manually against fast-moving targets. These guns were manually controlled so the short barrel and light weight made it an early favorite as an anti-aircraft gun. Another key feature was power loading, allowing rapid fire at high elevation angles. The 5"/38 caliber gun replaced the 5"/25 as the anti-aircraft weapon of choice on new construction by the mid-1930s due to its better range, velocity against surface targets, and higher vertical ceiling. The 5"/38 was effectively a compromise between the shorter-barreled 5"/25 (intended primarily for air targets) and the longer-barreled 5-inch/51-caliber gun (intended primarily for surface targets) in order to create a highly-effective dual-purpose naval gun.
5"/25 guns removed from pre-war battleships (especially those rebuilt after Pearl Harbor) had their barrel linings chromed. These guns were remounted for submarine use beginning in late 1943 for extra firepower against small boats and sampans often encountered off the coast of Japan and elsewhere in the Pacific Theater, replacing the earlier 3-inch and 4-inch guns. New production Mark 17 5"/25 guns on the Mark 40 mount designed for submarines became available in mid-1944; USS Spadefish was the first submarine built with this gun. Some submarines had two of these weapons.[2] The Mark 17 gun in the Mark 40 submarine gun mount may have used semi-fixed ammunition (case and projectile handled separately), but existing WW II photographs, drawings of ammunition storage, and museum ships all show fixed ammunition (one piece service round). It had a range of 14,500 yards (13,300 m) at the maximum elevation of 40 degrees.[5] The submarine mounting had manual elevation, train, and loading with no power assist.
From late 1944 some submarines were built or refitted with two of these weapons. The first of these was USS Sennet, commissioned on 22 August 1944. In February–March 1945 she operated with two other two-gun submarines, USS Haddock and USS Lagarto, in a wolfpack with significant success.[6] To further improve the effectiveness of the two-gun configuration, seven submarines were fitted with a Mark 6 "Baby Ford" fire control computer with a Mark 6 stable element to correct for pitch and roll.[7][8] The first of these was USS Sea Cat, followed by Flying Fish, Entemedor, Sea Dog, Sea Poacher, Sea Robin, and Sennet. However, some of these refits were completed in September 1945, too late to see action.[6]
Ships mounting 5"/25 caliber guns
edit(all heavy and light cruisers in the list are "treaty cruisers")
(none of the heavy cruisers appear to ever have had their secondary battery upgraded, despite quite a few having been heavily damaged and extensively repaired).
The heavy cruiser Wichita (ca. 1935), the last 2 of the Brooklyn-class light cruisers (ca. 1937), the North Carolina class of battleships (ca. 1937) and the Yorktown-class aircraft carriers (ca. 1934) were originally built with the more modern 5-inch/38 guns.
- 2 Pensacola-class (ca. 1927) heavy cruisers:[9]
- Pensacola, Salt Lake City
- two each port and starboard of the forward superstructure
- two each port and starboard of the aft superstructure[10]
- Pensacola, Salt Lake City
- 6 Northampton-class (ca. 1928) heavy cruisers:[9]
- Northampton, Chester, Louisville, Chicago, Houston, Augusta
- four each port and starboard of the aft superstructure[10]
- originally built with 4 guns and later upgraded
- Northampton, Chester, Louisville, Chicago, Houston, Augusta
- 2 Portland-class (ca. 1930) heavy cruisers:[9]
- Portland, Indianapolis
- same layout as Northampton[10]
- Portland, Indianapolis
- 7 New Orleans-class (ca. 1931) heavy cruisers:[9]
- New Orleans, Astoria, Minneapolis, Tuscaloosa, San Francisco, Quincy, Vincennes
- four each port and starboard of the forward superstructure extending past the stacks[10]
- New Orleans, Astoria, Minneapolis, Tuscaloosa, San Francisco, Quincy, Vincennes
- 7 of 9 Brooklyn-class (ca. 1935) light cruisers:[9]
- 2 Lexington-class (ca. 1921 - 1925) aircraft carriers:
- 2 Nevada-class battleships:
- 2 Pennsylvania-class battleships:
- Pennsylvania,[14] Arizona[14]
- 8 installed in 1929 refit
- replaced with 5-inch/38 guns on Pennsylvania in 1942
- Pennsylvania,[14] Arizona[14]
- 3 New Mexico-class battleships:
- New Mexico,[15] Mississippi,[15] Idaho[15]
- 8 installed in early 1930 modernization
- replaced with 5-inch/38 guns on Idaho in 1942
- still on New Mexico and Mississippi at the end of the war[3]
- New Mexico,[15] Mississippi,[15] Idaho[15]
- 2 Tennessee-class battleships:
- Tennessee,[16] California[16]
- 8 installed in 1928-1930 refits
- replaced with 5-inch/38 guns in 1942
- Tennessee,[16] California[16]
- 3 Colorado-class battleships:
- Gato-class submarines[5] (as a typical upgrade)
- Balao-class submarines[5] (standard)
- Tench-class submarines[5] (standard)
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "United States of America 5"/25 (12.7 cm) Marks 10, 11, 13 and 17". Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
- ^ a b DiGiulian, Tony (September 2012). "United States of America 5"/25 (12.7 cm) Mark 10". navweaps.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Campbell 1985 p.137
- ^ Fairfield 1921 p.156
- ^ a b c d Campbell 1985 p.138
- ^ a b Friedman 1995, pp. 218-219
- ^ "Mark 6 computer at Glenn's Computer Museum". Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ "Mark 6 stable element manual". Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Fahey 1941 p.9
- ^ a b c d e Office of Naval Intelligence, ONI 222-US
- ^ a b Friedman 1983 p.390
- ^ Friedman 1983 p.391
- ^ a b Breyer 1973 p.210
- ^ a b Breyer 1973 p.214
- ^ a b c Breyer 1973 p.219
- ^ a b Breyer 1973 p.226
- ^ a b c Breyer 1973 p.230
- ^ ONI 222-US says no replacement was done, photos of the ship look like there are no /38 turrets
References
edit- Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970. Doubleday and Company. ISBN 978-0-385-07247-2.
- Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
- Fahey, James C. (1941). The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, Two-Ocean Fleet Edition. Ships and Aircraft.
- Fairfield, A.P. (1921). Naval Ordnance. The Lord Baltimore Press.
- Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
- Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1965). U.S. Warships of World War II. Ian Allan Ltd.
External links
edit
- 5-INCH GUN MOUNT MARK 40, OP 1029, 1944. Manual for submarine gun & mounting Made available online by maritime.org