2 Peter 1 is the first chapter of the Second Epistle of Peter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as "Simon Peter, a bondservant and apostle of Jesus Christ" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but some writers argue that it is the work of Peter's followers in Rome between the years 70 and 100.[1][2][3]
| 2 Peter 1 | |
|---|---|
 1 Peter 5:12–end and 2 Peter 1:1–5 on facing pages of Papyrus 72 (3rd/4th century) | |
| Book | Second Epistle of Peter |
| Category | General epistles |
| Christian Bible part | New Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 22 |
Text
editThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.
Textual witnesses
editSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
- Greek
- Papyrus 72 (3rd/4th century)[4]
- Codex Vaticanus (B or 03; 325–50)
- Codex Sinaiticus (א or 01; 330–60)
- Codex Alexandrinus (A or 02; 400–40)
- Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C or 04; c. 450; extant verses 2–21)[5]
- Latin
- Codex Floriacensis (h; 6th century Old-Latin; extant verses 1–21)[6]
Old Testament references
editRelationship with the Epistle of Jude
editThere is an obvious relationship between the texts of 2 Peter and the Epistle of Jude.[8] The shared passages are:[9]
| 2 Peter | Jude |
|---|---|
| 1:5 | 3 |
| 1:12 | 5 |
| 2:1 | 4 |
| 2:4 | 6 |
| 2:6 | 7 |
| 2:10–11 | 8–9 |
| 2:12 | 10 |
| 2:13–17 | 11–13 |
| 3:2-3 | 17-18 |
| 3:14 | 24 |
| 3:18 | 25 |
Salutation (1:1–2)
edit.JPG)
Verse 1
edit- Simon Peter, a servant and an apostle of Jesus Christ, to them that have obtained like precious faith with us through the righteousness of God and our Saviour Jesus Christ:[10]
- "Simon" (Biblical Greek: Συμεὼν, Symeōn,[11] a transliteration of the Hebrew name): Acts 15:14, similarly, reads Συμεὼν, Symeōn. The name is used together with "Peter" (as in Matthew 16:16) as a reminder of 'the change grace had brought about in the apostle's life'.[12]
- "A servant and an apostle": 1 Peter 1 uses only the second title, whereas Jude uses the first.[12] The word δοῦλος (doulos) is translated as "bondservant" in the New King James Version.[13] The apostle adopts these titles to emphasize his authority as someone who is merely a slave but fully commissioned by his Master for his work.[12]
- "Obtained" (Greek: λαχοῦσιν, lachousin[11]) or "received",[14] with a meaning of "obtained by lot", implying "grace", not "merit", as the source of this gift.[12]
- "like precious faith" is read as "equally precious" by Johann Bengel, aeque pretiosam in his original Latin,[15] from which he elaborates that "the faith of those who have seen Jesus Christ, as Peter and the rest of the apostles, and of those who believe without having seen Him, [are] equally precious, flowing from Jesus Christ: it lays hold of the same righteousness and salvation".[16]
A call to spiritual growth (1:3–11)
editAs Christians have obtained the "power" and "promise" for their resources, Peter urges that they "make every effort" (verse 5) to achieve the goal, that is "to grow to be like Jesus", following the steps towards it (verses 5–7):[17]
- love
- brotherly kindness
- godliness
- perseverance
- self-control
- knowledge
- goodness
- faith[17]
Reasons for the emphasis (1:12–21)
editVerse 12
edit- Therefore, I will continue to emphasize these things repeatedly, even though you already know them and are well grounded in the truth you possess.[18]
Emphasis is shown through repetition of information already known: Bengel speaks of the writer "emphatically repeat[ing]" his message.[16]
Verse 18
edit- And we heard this voice which came from heaven when we were with Him on the holy mountain.[19]
Reference to Transfiguration of Jesus (Matthew 17:1–12; Mark 9:2–13; Luke 9:28–36)
- "The holy mountain": the mountain was sacred because it became 'the scene of a divine revelation' (cf. Exodus 3:5; 19:23).[20]
Verse 21
edit- For prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit.[21]
The King James Version adds wording, "the prophecy came not in old time".[22] E. H. Plumptre argues against the additional word 'the': "the article before 'prophecy' in the Greek simply gives to the noun the generic sense which is better expressed in English by the absence of the article".[23] Duff relates such 'prophecy' to the Old Testament;[24] Plumptre suggests that the meaning of 'old time' is "wider in its range than the English words, and takes in the more recent as well as the more distant past, and is therefore [also] applicable to the prophecies of the Christian ... Church".[23]
See also
edit- Transfiguration of Jesus
- Saint Peter
- Jesus Christ
- Related Bible parts: Matthew 17, Mark 7, Luke 9, Hebrews 11
References
edit- ^ Duff 2007, p. 1271.
- ^ Davids, Peter H (1982). Marshall, I Howard; Gasque, W Ward (eds.). The Epistle of James. New International Greek Testament Commentary (repr. ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-80282388-2.
- ^ Evans, Craig A (2005). Evans, Craig A (ed.). John, Hebrews-Revelation. Bible Knowledge Background Commentary. Colorado Springs, CO: Victor. ISBN 0-78144228-1.
- ^ Nongbri, "The Construction of P. Bodmer VIII and the Bodmer 'Composite' or 'Miscellaneous' Codex," 396
- ^ Eberhard Nestle, Erwin Nestle, Barbara Aland and Kurt Aland (eds), Novum Testamentum Graece, 26th ed., (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1991), p. 689.
- ^ Gregory, Caspar René (1902). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Hinrichs. p. 609. ISBN 1-4021-6347-9.
- ^ "2 Peter 1 in the 1611 King James Bible".
- ^ Callan 2004, p. 42.
- ^ Robinson 2017, p. 10.
- ^ 2 Peter 1:1 KJV
- ^ a b Greek Text Analysis: 2 Peter 1:1. Bible hub.
- ^ a b c d Wheaton 1994, p. 1389.
- ^ 2 Peter 1:1: NKJV
- ^ Note [a] on 2 Peter 1:1 in the New King James Version
- ^ Bengel. J. A., D. Joh. Alberti Bengelii Gnomon Novi Testamenti: in quo ex nativa verborum vi simplicitas, profunditas, concinnitas, salubritas sensuum coelestium indicatur, Vol. 1, p. 918, accessed 30 September 2022
- ^ a b Bengel, J. A. (1759), Gnomon of the New Testament on 2 Peter 1, 2nd ed., accessed 30 September 2022
- ^ a b Wheaton 1994, p. 1390.
- ^ 2 Peter 1:12: New Catholic Bible
- ^ 2 Peter 1:18: NKJV
- ^ Wheaton 1994, p. 1391.
- ^ 2 Peter 1:21: NKJV
- ^ 2 Peter 1:21: KJV
- ^ a b Plumptre, E. H., Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 2 Peter 1, accessed 25 December 2022
- ^ Duff 2007, p. 1272.
Sources
edit- Callan, Terrance (2004). "Use of the Letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter". Biblica. 85: 42–64.
- Duff, Jeremy (2007). "78. 2 Peter". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (1st pbk. ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 1270–74. ISBN 978-0-19927718-6. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- Robinson, Alexandra (2017). Jude on the Attack: A Comparative Analysis of the Epistle of Jude, Jewish Judgement Oracles, and Greco-Roman Invective. The Library of New Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publ. ISBN 978-0-56767879-9.
- Wheaton, David H. (1994). "2 Peter". In Carson, D. A.; France, R. T.; Motyer, J. A.; Wenham, G. J. (eds.). New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition (4, ill., repr., rev. ed.). Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 1386–96. ISBN 978-0-85110648-9.
External links
edit- 2 Peter 1 King James Bible - Wikisource
- English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2019-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
