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19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

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The 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (commonly referred to as Shíjiǔ Dà; Chinese: 十九大) was held at the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, between 18 and 24 October 2017.[1] 2,280 delegates represented the party's estimated 89 million members. Preparations for the 19th National Congress began in 2016 and ended with a plenary session of the Central Committee a few days prior to the Congress. In 2016, local and provincial party organizations began electing delegates to the congress as well as receiving and amending party documents. It was succeeded by the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.

19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
CCP flag
The flag of the Chinese Communist Party
Date18–24 October 2017 (6 days)
LocationGreat Hall of the People, Beijing, China
Participants2,280 delegates
OutcomeElection of the 19th Central Committee and 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
Website19th.cpcnews.cn Edit this at Wikidata
19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
Simplified Chinese中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会
Traditional Chinese中國共產黨第十九次全國代表大會
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Dìshíjiǔcì Quánguó Dàibiǎo Dàhuì
Abbreviation
Chinese十九大
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinShíjiǔ Dà

During the congress, a new guiding ideology, labeled Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, was written into the party's constitution. It marked the first time since Mao Zedong Thought that a living party leader has enshrined into the party constitution an ideology named after himself. The Congress also emphasized strengthening socialism with Chinese characteristics, party-building, socialist rule of law, and setting concrete timelines for achieving development goals, such as building a moderately prosperous society and achieving "socialist modernization." It was also noted for rallying China to play a more substantial role internationally. The congress was also notable for the consolidation of power under Xi Jinping.

The 19th National Congress endorsed the membership list of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and elected the Central Committee, which in turn approved the members of the Politburo and its Standing Committee. Five members of the 18th Politburo Standing Committee left the body due to having reached retirement age, and five new members joined the 19th Standing Committee: Li Zhanshu, Wang Yang, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji, and Han Zheng.

Preparations

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A political slogan on the wall in Longhua District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, which reads: Holding high the "great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era. We should fully implement the spirit of the 19th CPC National Congress." Holding high the "great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era" is one of the symbols of The 19th CCP National Congress, which has been written in the history book.

The drafting process of the Report of the 18th Central Committee began in mid-to-late 2016, probably before the 6th Plenary Session.[2] Normal procedure is that the sitting Politburo appoints a drafting committee that is responsible for researching major topics and can establish investigative research teams.[2] The Draft Report is sent to party groups, such as the provincial party organisation, to government institutions, the People's Liberation Army and select mass organisations while the drafting committee consults with leading specialists.[2] The 6th Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, which sat 24–27 October 2016, in its communique stated that the 19th National Congress would be held in Beijing in the second half of 2017.[3] The drafting process continued after the 6th Plenary Session, and by summer 2017, forums for party and non-party members in Beijing were established to review the draft report.[2] At some point in the process, retired party elders are consulted.[2]

The 7th Plenary Session convened on 11 October and was in session until 14 October 2017.[4] 191 CC full members and 141 CC alternate members attended the session, with CCDI members attended in a non-voting capacity.[4] The 7th Plenary Session laid the groundworks for the 19th National Congress, and publicised the date of its convocation.[4] The 18th Politburo put forward a motion to the 7th Plenary Session of sending three documents to the 19th National Congress; the Report of the 18th Central Committee, Work Report of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and amendments to the CCP constitution.[citation needed] Xi Jinping presented the report of the 18th Central Committee while Liu Yunshan presented the amendments to the CCP constitution to the 7th Plenary Session.[5] The Work Report of the 18th CCDI had been presented by Wang Qishan at the 8th CCDI Plenary Session on 9 October, and sent to the 7th Plenary Session for approval.[6]

The Draft Report of the 18th Central Committee was sent to more than 4,700 individuals for review, who represented various regions and departments.[7] Six symposiums to hear opinions and suggestions on the draft report were organised, and Xi attended them.[7] The 7th Plenary Session approved the documents.[note 1][4]

Three days later, on 17 October, the preparatory meeting was convened and presided over by Xi.[9] 2,307 of the 19th National Congress delegates attended the meeting.[9] It elected 22 individuals to the Credential Committee, 243 members to the Presidium of the 19th National Congress and Liu Yunshan was elected as the Secretary-General of the 19th National Congress.[9] In addition, the attendees also approved the organizational setup and tasks of the secretariat of the congress.[9] Tuo Zhen, the Deputy Head of the Publicity Department and main spokesperson for the 19th National Congress, publicised the agenda of the 19th National Congress, which had been approved by the preparatory meeting.[4] The agenda was:[4]

  • To hear and examine a report submitted by the 18th CCP Central Committee;[4]
  • To examine a work report of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection;[4]
  • To deliberate and adopt an amendment to the Party's Constitution;[4]
  • To elect the Party's 19th Central Committee and its 19th Central Commission for Discipline.[4]

Delegates

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The election of delegates to the 19th National Congress started on 8 November 2016 and ended in June 2017,[10][11] when the 18th Central Committee had approved the quota, needed qualifications and the election procedure.[citation needed] The criteria of becoming a delegate became "tougher" due to the ongoing anti-corruption campaign.[citation needed] As set forth by the 18th central Committee, a delegate is required to "be highly qualified politically and ideologically, have good work and life styles, be competent in discussing state affairs, and have been successful in their work."[10]

The delegates are elected from 40 electoral units.[10] Of the 40 electoral units, 34 are divided by a defined geographical area and six units are for the central party and government.[10] The People's Liberation Army makes up one of the six central units and is the largest in term of delegate quota.[10] One electoral unit represents the departments directly subordinate to the Central Committee and another state-owned economy.[10] The quote on the number of delegates can elect does not reflect population size or party size in the given region.[10] Rather, it reflects the political importance of the given region or subject.[10] For instance, Shanghai has historically sent the highest number of delegates to the party congresses among regional electoral units.[10]

Delegates are elected at local congresses of local party committees.[12] The election process is competitive up to a point, with 15% of preliminary nominees being voted off by members during the election process.[13] For instance, of the delegates elected at local party congresses of the Jiangxi Provincial Committee nominated 90 people.[10] The quota for the Jiangxi electoral unit was 69.[10] In this given unit there was 30% more candidates than seats.[10] Once nominated, the candidates are reviewed by Central Committee through the Organization Department.[10] The remaining delegates will then have to stand for election at the provincial party congress, and the winners represented their electoral unit at the 19th National Congress.[10]

In the election of 2016–2017 99.2% of party members participated in the election process, and increase of 1.2% since the last congress.[13] 2,287 delegates were elected according to Xinhua News Agency in early October,[10] an increase of 30 delegates since the 18th National Congress.[citation needed] However, the number was reduced to 2,280 in an announcement on 17 October.[14] Of the delegates, 24.1% were women and 11.5% were ethnic minorities.[10] The number of delegates who represented or were active in frontline production and manufacturing (a category which includes workers, farmers, and technicians) made up 771 delegates (33.7%, an increase of 3.2% from the 18th National Congress).[10]

Opening session

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At the October 18, 2017 opening session, General Secretary Xi Jinping gave a speech laying out a comprehensive approach to China's developmental path.[15]: 21  While the speech reflected an updating of some policy issues that had been on the Party's agenda, it put forward a more concrete implementation strategy.[15]: 21 

Xi stated that economic challenges must be addressed within a "five-sphere integrated of plan" that was (1) political, (2) cultural, (3) economic, (4) social, and (5) ecological.[15]: 21  The immediate economic task Xi described was supply-side structural reform, focusing on the reduction of excess capacity, eliminating excess homebuilding surplus, reducing debt, and decreasing costs.[15]: 21 

Xi warned against complacency and described "Three Critical Battles" that required focus: de-risking, poverty alleviation, and pollution control.[15]: 22 

Xi stated that the primary contradiction in China was "between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life."[15]: 22 

With regard to China's property sector, Xi stated that "houses are for living in, not for speculation."[16]: 73  These remarks were later part of the basis for the three red lines rule.[16]: 73 

Revisions to the Party Constitution

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The Congress ratified changes to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, including the incorporation of Xi Jinping Thought.[17] Xi thus became the first leader since Deng Xiaoping to append his name into party ideology; the change also led to many international media outlets calling Xi the "most powerful leader since Mao."[18] The Belt and Road Initiative was also added to the party constitution.[19]: 58 

Leadership changes

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The congress duly elected the party's leading bodies, including the Central Committee and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the internal discipline organ that has come to the political foreground since 2012. In the immediate aftermath of the congress, the Central Committee formally elected the 25-member Politburo, the 7-member Politburo Standing Committee, the general secretary of the Central Committee, and a new, scaled down Central Military Commission.

Succession

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As expected, Xi Jinping duly renewed his term as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, the party's top position and the de facto top office of China.[20] Before the congress, speculation mounted on whether one of the younger officials already on the Politburo, such as Guangdong party secretary Hu Chunhua or Chongqing party secretary Sun Zhengcai, would be elevated to the Politburo Standing Committee, the party's top decision-making body, in preparation for their assuming overall leadership of the party in 2022. However, in July 2017, Sun was abruptly removed from office and then expelled from the party, upsetting the carefully calibrated balance prior to the opening of the congress.[21]

Politburo Standing Committee

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On the Politburo Standing Committee, Xi Jinping (left) and Li Keqiang (right) renewed their terms, while five new members joined

The Politburo Standing Committee was generally considered to be the most powerful decision-making body in China. Since 16th National Congress in 2002, its membership selection had become largely institutionalized, with mandatory retirement of any member who has reached the age of 68 at the time of a party congress. This informal precedent was retained at the 19th Congress. All five of the seven members of the 18th Politburo Standing Committee who were 68 or older at the time of the congress relinquished their seats (birth year in parentheses): Zhang Dejiang (1946), Yu Zhengsheng (1945), Liu Yunshan (1947), Wang Qishan (1948) and Zhang Gaoli (1946).[22]

Although the retirement of four members of retirement age was not in doubt, there was speculation prior to the Congress that Wang Qishan, 69 years old at the time of the Congress, would stay on for another term as the anti-corruption chief. Wang made a media appearance in 2016 during which he stated that he was anticipating retiring soon due to his age, though it did not reduce the speculation. Ultimately, Wang retired from all party bodies at the congress, but became vice-president, a largely symbolic position, in 2018, signaling that he would continue to play a limited role in state affairs.[23]

Xi and Li Keqiang renewed their terms on the Politburo Standing Committee; five new members joined, listed below in order of precedence.

  • Li Zhanshu (born 1950) – seen as a major Xi confidant, promoted from head of the General Office directly to the number-three post in the party; he eventually became Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress in March 2018 and also held the portfolio overseeing Hong Kong affairs.[24]
  • Wang Yang (born 1955) – former party secretary of Chongqing and Guangdong province and one of the vice premiers of the State Council; Wang joined the Politburo in 2007; seen as one of the more liberal members of the ruling elite, Wang was speculated as a candidate for the 18th standing committee but ultimately was not selected.
  • Wang Huning (born 1955) – a major figure in charge of theory and ideology in the Communist Party, Wang Huning became the first theorist and ideologue to join the top rung of the party leadership since 1978; at the Congress, he was named the top-ranked Secretary of the Secretariat. Wang was also the only member of the Standing Committee without experience as a provincial-level party secretary
  • Zhao Leji (born 1957) – head of the Organization Department prior to the Congress, Zhao was promoted to take reins of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the party's main anti-corruption body
  • Han Zheng (born 1954) – party secretary of Shanghai prior to the Congress; generally seen as having had a strong technocratic record; also marked a continuation of a line Shanghai party secretaries who were promoted to the standing committee.

The list was consistent with that released by the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post on 22 October, showing that external media sources continued to have access to the last-minute deliberations of the Beijing leadership.[25]

Politburo

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Main article: 19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party

According to convention, Politburo members entering the body in 2017 must be born after 1950. Three members of the outgoing Politburo, Liu Qibao, Zhang Chunxian, and Li Yuanchao, were not elected to the incoming Politburo even though they met the relevant age requirements. Liu and Zhang continued to hold seats in the Central Committee and were eventually given ceremonial positions with the CPPCC and NPC, respectively. Li Yuanchao did not secure a seat on the Central Committee and retired from politics altogether. All members of the 18th Politburo born prior to 1950 retired without exception. Hu Chunhua, Xu Qiliang and Sun Chunlan returned to the Politburo for a second term, while Cai Qi, who was not even part of the outgoing Central Committee, vaulted directly into the Politburo. Taking into account Standing Committee members who were all promoted from the Politburo level, the changes represented a 60% turnover of membership between the 18th and 19th Politburo. Out of a total of fifteen 'open' seats, at least ten of the individuals promoted to fill them were close associates of Xi.[26]

The full list of Politburo members (excluding Standing Committee) was:[27]

  • Ding Xuexiang (born 1962) – a political aide to Xi for nearly a decade, Ding was named chief of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party, effectively Xi's chief of staff
  • Wang Chen (born 1950) – Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
  • Liu He (born 1952) – head of the Office for Financial and Economic Affairs (Zhongcaiban), has been an important economic advisor to Xi
  • Xu Qiliang (born 1950) – vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, retained his office for a second term
  • Sun Chunlan (born 1950) – second term, only woman on the Politburo
  • Li Xi (born 1956) – party secretary of Guangdong, considered an ally of Xi
  • Li Qiang (born 1959) – party secretary of Shanghai, former subordinate of Xi Jinping in Zhejiang province
  • Li Hongzhong (born 1956) – party secretary of Tianjin; Li has experience as party secretary of the Special Economic Zone of Shenzhen, and governor and party secretary of Hubei province.
  • Yang Jiechi (born 1950) – first "foreign affairs specialist" to enter the Politburo since Qian Qichen
  • Yang Xiaodu (born 1953) – party discipline official, Minister of Supervision
  • Zhang Youxia (born 1950) – vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, first term
  • Chen Xi (born 1953) – head of the Organization Department, friend of Xi from Tsinghua University
  • Chen Quanguo (born 1955) – former subordinate of Li Keqiang in Henan, party secretary of Tibet (2011–16), party secretary of Xinjiang beginning in 2016;
  • Chen Min'er (born 1960) – party secretary of Chongqing, former subordinate of Xi in Zhejiang
  • Hu Chunhua (born 1963) – retained his seat for a second term, remained the youngest member of the Politburo
  • Guo Shengkun (born 1954) – Secretary of the Political and Legal Affairs Commission, promoted as expected from Minister of Public Security
  • Huang Kunming (born 1956) – head of the Propaganda Department, considered an associate of Xi
  • Cai Qi (born 1955) – party secretary of Beijing, Cai was rapidly promoted in the years leading up to the 19th Congress; considered an ally of Xi

Secretariat

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Main article: Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party

The day-to-day executive organ of the Politburo, the Secretariat, also saw significant turnover; the Politburo members in charge of the propaganda and organization departments, and the General Office chief typically held a seat on the Secretariat. The likely areas of purview for each secretary are listed along with their names.[28] All members of the 19th Secretariat are also concurrently members of the Politburo, with the sole exception of You Quan.

  • Wang Huning (also a member of the Politburo Standing Committee)
  • Ding Xuexiang, General Office
  • Yang Xiaodu, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
  • Chen Xi, Organization Department
  • Guo Shengkun, Political and Legal Affairs Commission
  • Huang Kunming, Propaganda Department
  • You Quan, United Front Department

Central Committee

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Main article: 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

The Central Committee, composed of 204 members, was elected on 24 October 2017. Like previous congresses, the "more candidates than seats" elections method was used. 8% of candidates were rejected by delegate vote - the same ratio from the 18th National Congress in 2012.[29] Since 2007 the higher ranks of the party apparatus has seen its median age increase while retaining retirement limits. The 19th Central Committee showed a continuation of this trend; Lu Hao (born 1967), the youngest full member of the previous CC, remained its youngest member. 78 members of the 18th CC were named to the 19th CC, while 32 alternate members of the 18th CC were elected to full membership of the 19th CC.[30]

Policy notes

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The 19th National Congress re-affirmed the goal of transitioning solely state-owned enterprises towards mixed (both state and private) ownership.[31]: 120 

The report of the 19th Congress described the primary contradiction of China's conditions as "the contradiction between the people's ever-growing need for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development."[32]: 267–268  In this context, "unbalanced" refers to rural-urban inequalities, regional inequalities, inequalities between the rich and poor, and structural imbalances in the economy.[32]: 268  "Inadequate" refers to household income share.[32]: 268 

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Report of the 18th Central Committee was given the title "Secure a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and strive for the great success of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era".[8]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Joshi, Manoj (12 October 2017). "CPC's 19th Congress begins next week". Observer Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e Miller 2017, p. 52.
  3. ^ "CPC Central Committee with Xi as "core" leads China to centenary goals". Xinhua News Agency. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Opening ceremony of the 19th CPC National Congress". live.china.org. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  5. ^ "CPC Central Committee plenum makes full preparation for key congress". China Daily. 15 October 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  6. ^ "CPC discipline watchdog holds key plenum, approves work report". Xinhua News Agency. 9 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Opinions of over 4,700 people solicited on draft report to CPC congress: spokesperson". Xinhua News Agency. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  8. ^ "CPC opens 19th national congress as China enters "new era"". Xinhua News Agency. 18 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d "Agenda set for 19th CPC National Congress". Xinhua News Agency. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "How 19th CPC National Congress delegates are elected". china.org. 3 October 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  11. ^ "China begins selecting delegates for Communist Party Congress". South China Morning Post. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  12. ^ "All delegates to 19th CPC national congress elected". China Daily. 29 September 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  13. ^ a b "China Focus: How are 19th CPC National Congress delegates elected?". Xinhua News Agency. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  14. ^ "Inside China's party congress: what's coming up at leaders' huddle in Beijing". South China Morning Post. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Roach, Stephen (2022). Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives. Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv2z0vv2v. ISBN 978-0-300-26901-7. JSTOR j.ctv2z0vv2v. S2CID 252800309.
  16. ^ a b Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001. ISBN 9780197682258.
  17. ^ "Xi presents new CPC central leadership, roadmap for next 5 years". Xinhua. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  18. ^ Phillips, Tom (24 October 2017). "Xi Jinping becomes most powerful leader since Mao with China's change to constitution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  19. ^ Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
  20. ^ Sozialwissenschaften, GESIS Leibniz Institut für. "Jash, Amrita - The 'Xi' Factor in Driving China's 19th Party Congress | IndraStra Global - Sowiport". Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  21. ^ "Man tipped as China's future president ousted as Xi Jinping wields 'iron discipline'". TheGuardian.com. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  22. ^ "五中全会搅动政局:李克强两种可能 李源潮变数多(图)". Duowei via Wenxuecity. 18 October 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  23. ^ Suzhi (19 July 2016). "十九大王岐山不会留任 已安排三个班底人选". Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  24. ^ "中共十九大政治局委员预测". 27 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  25. ^ "China's new leadership line-up revealed in full for first time with seasoned duo tipped to take key jobs". South China Morning Post. 22 October 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  26. ^ Fewsmith, Joseph. "The 19th Party Congress: Ringing in Xi Jinping's New Age" (PDF). China Leadership Monitor. 55. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  27. ^ "十九届中央政治局委员、书记处书记名单及简历". Caixin. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  28. ^ "中央书记处人事盘点 闽浙背景深厚". Duowei. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  29. ^ "十九届"两委"预选采用差额选举 24日上午正式选举". Netease. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  30. ^ "中国共产党第十九届中央委员会委员名单". Caixin. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  31. ^ Li, David Daokui (2024). China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393292398.
  32. ^ a b c Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0.

Sources

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General references

Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity, the Central Committee member- and alternate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership, Central Military Commission members, Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection membership, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, offices an individual held, retirement, if the individual in question is military personnel, female, has been expelled, is currently under investigation or has retired:

19th National Congress resolutions

The following is a list of all resolutions and report produced by the 19th National Congress that were made available to the public.

Articles and journals
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