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The 1997 military memorandum (Turkish: 28 Şubat, "28 February"; also called postmodern darbe, "post-modern coup") in Turkey refers to a memorandum, in which decisions issued by the Turkish military leadership on a National Security Council meeting on 28 February 1997 resulted in the resignation of Islamist prime minister Necmettin Erbakan of the Welfare Party, and the end of his coalition government.[1]
As the government was forced out without dissolving the parliament or suspending the constitution,[2] the event has been famously labelled a "postmodern coup" by the Turkish admiral Salim Dervişoğlu.[1][3][4] The process after the coup is alleged to have been organised by the West Working Group, a purported clandestine group within the military.
Preparations
editThe operation was planned by generals İsmail Hakkı Karadayı, Çevik Bir, Teoman Koman, Çetin Doğan, Necdet Timur, and Erol Özkasnak.[5]
In 2012, Hasan Celal Güzel said that General Teoman Koman had approached him in September 1996 with a plan to install him or Mesut Yılmaz as prime minister after a planned coup. Güzel declined to get involved,[6][7] and Yılmaz was appointed prime minister after the coup.
Events
editOn 17 January 1997, during a visit to the Turkish General Staff, President Süleyman Demirel requested a briefing on common military problems. İsmail Hakkı Karadayı, Chief of the General Staff, enumerated 55 items. Demirel said half of them were based on hearsay and encouraged Karadayı to communicate with the government and to soften the memorandum's wording.[8]
On 31 January 1997, protests were arranged by the Sincan municipality in Ankara, against Israeli human rights violations that took place in guise of an "Al-Quds night". The building in which the event took place was plastered with posters of Hamas and Hezbollah.[9] As a reaction to the demonstration, tanks moved to the streets of Sincan on 4 February. This intervention was later described by Çevik Bir as "a balance adjustment to democracy".
At the National Security Council (MGK) meeting on 28 February 1997, the generals submitted their views on issues regarding secularism and political Islam on Turkey to the government. The MGK made several decisions during this meeting, and Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan from the Welfare Party was forced to sign the decisions,[10] some of which were:
- Shutting down many religious schools opened during his term
- Abolition of tariqas (civilian religious groups)
Aftermath
editErbakan was forced to resign as a result of the military memorandum. Although DYP, RP, and BBP declared they should form the new government with the premiership of Tansu Çiller, Demirel appointed ANAP leader Mesut Yılmaz to form the new government. He formed a new coalition government with Bülent Ecevit (DSP leader) and Hüsamettin Cindoruk (the founder and the leader of DTP, a party founded after 28 February Process by former DYP members) on 30 June 1997. The Welfare Party was closed by the Constitutional Court of Turkey in 1998 for violating the constitution's separation of religion and state clause. Erbakan was banned from politics for five years, and former MP members and mayors of RP joined the successor Virtue Party. Istanbul mayor Recep Tayyip Erdoğan from the Virtue Party, was soon afterwards given a prison sentence after he read a nationalist and Islamist poem at a public function where he was present as mayor, and he was banned from politics for five years as well.
In the 1999 general elections, the Virtue Party won several seats in the parliament but it was not as successful as the Welfare Party in the 1995 general elections.[11] One of the MP members of the party was Merve Kavakçı who wore an Islamic headscarf. The Virtue Party was also closed by the Constitutional Court in 2001. Although Erdoğan was still banned from politics, he managed to form the Justice and Development Party (AKP), a reformist party that declared that it would not be a political party with an Islamist axis, as the Welfare Party and the Virtue Party of the ousted Erbakan had been before him. The traditional Islamists who did not favor this route formed the Felicity Party.
Trial
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Çevik Bir and 30 other officers from the Army were detained for their roles in this coup in April 2012.[12] In 2018, a Turkish court awarded life sentence to 21 senior military officials for their role in sabotaging the democratic institutions. The court accused former military chief Ismail Hakki Karadayi and his deputy, Cevik Bir of "masterminding" the coup. Sixty-eight individuals were acquitted of involvement.[13] Karadayi filed an appeal against the verdict, but died in 2020 while the process was ongoing. In 2024, Bir, Doğan and five other senior officers were pardoned by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, by then the country's president, on account of ill health and old age.[14]
Opinions on the memorandum
editWhile the move was ostensibly directed against Erbakan's Islamist party, some have speculated that the coup was actually directed against Erbakan's coalition partner, Tansu Çiller, who was implicated in the Susurluk scandal.[15]
It is alleged that Bülent Orakoğlu of the police intelligence, under Hanefi Avcı, learned about the coup plans.[16]
Çevik Bir, one of the generals who planned the process, said "In Turkey we have a marriage of Islam and democracy. (...) The child of this marriage is secularism. Now this child gets sick from time to time. The Turkish Armed Forces is the doctor which saves the child. Depending on how sick the kid is, we administer the necessary medicine to make sure the child recuperates".[17]
Necmettin Erbakan claimed that the process was planned by "Zionists".[18]
In October 2016, Tuncay Özkan claimed that the 28 February process was prepared and organized by the Gülen movement.[19]
See also
edit
- 1960 Turkish coup d'état
- 1971 Turkish military memorandum
- 1980 Turkish coup d'état
- Sledgehammer (coup plan)
- 2016 Turkish coup d'état
- May 1958 crisis in France, where the military also successfully forced a change in government
References
edit- ^ a b Çandar, Cengiz (27 June 1997). "Post-modern darbe". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
- ^ Rosen, Seth (27 July 2008). "Reforms curb Turkey's armed forces". The Washington Times. Retrieved 25 June 2005.
- ^ kitap – Generalinden 28 Şubat İtirafı "Postmodern Darbe" – Hulki Cevizoğlu, generalinden 28 şubat İtirafı "postmodern darbe", GENERALINDEN 28 ŞUBAT İTIRAFı "POSTMODERN DARBE". kitapyurdu. 26 January 2004. ISBN 9789756613382. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
- ^ Demir, Metehan (27 February 2007). "'Post-modern darbe' tanımının 10 yıllık sırrı". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
- ^ Tayyar, Şamil (9 January 2009). "Tolon, Dalan'ı neden aradı?". Star (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
- ^ Today's Zaman, 1 November 2012, Güzel: Coup plotters planned to appoint me as prime minister after Feb. 28 Archived 9 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sabah, 1 November 2012, 'Teoman Koman darbeyi Eylül 1996'da söyledi'
- ^ Mercan, Faruk (12 February 2007). "Karadayı ikili oynamadı muhtemel darbeyi önledi". Aksiyon (in Turkish) (636). Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
- ^ "Politika – Kudüs Gecesi'ndeki tiyatro hataydı 28 Şubatçıların eline koz verdim – ZAMAN GAZETESİ [İnternetin İlk Türk Gazetesi]" (in Turkish). Zaman.com.tr. 28 February 2005. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
- ^ "February 28 period still maintains its grip on Turkey". Todayszaman.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Haritalarla Seçimler: 1999 Genel Seçimleri". Türkiye Raporu (in Turkish). 20 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ Arsu, Sebnem (12 April 2012). "Turkish Military Leaders Held for Role in '97 Coup". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Turkey's 'disastrous' 1997 coup, seen 24 years later". Anadolu Agency. 25 May 2021.
- ^ "Turkey's Erdogan pardons elderly generals imprisoned over 1997 'postmodern coup'". Associated Press. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ Goltz, Thomas (13 July 1997). "As the 'Coup' Turns: The Army's Real Target". Los Angeles Times. p. M-2. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
- ^ Guven, Cevheri (4 December 2008). "Enis Berberoğlu ve MİT'teki kankası". Aktif Haber (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ^ "Türkiye'de 'Demokrasi Ayarı' Şart!". Kibrispostasi.com. 28 February 2007. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
- ^ "28 Şubat İsrail planıydı!". Dogruses.com. Retrieved 18 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "28 Şubat'ı FETÖ organize etti" (in Turkish). Sözcü. 9 October 2016.
Further reading
edit- Yetkin, Murat (25 December 2008). "Özkök'ten 'savunma': Beni 28 Şubat'takiler gibi davranmamakla suçladılar". Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 December 2008.[dead link]