The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨d͡ʑ⟩, ⟨d͜ʑ⟩, ⟨ɟ͡ʑ⟩ and ⟨ɟ͜ʑ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are d_z\ and J\_z\, though transcribing the stop component with ⟨ɟ⟩ (J\ in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨dʑ⟩ or ⟨ɟʑ⟩ in the IPA and dz\ or J\z\ in X-SAMPA. This affricate has a dedicated symbol U+02A5 ʥ LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH WITH CURL, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used.
| Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dʑ | |||
| ʥ | |||
| ɟʑ | |||
| IPA number | 216 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʥ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A5 | ||
| X-SAMPA | d_z\ | ||
| |||
Neither [d] nor [ɟ] is a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as [d̠ʲ] (retracted and palatalized [d]), [ɟ̟] or [ɟ˖] (both symbols denote an advanced [ɟ]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are d_-' or d_-_j and J\_+, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol ⟨ȡ⟩, which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include [d̠ʲʑ], [ɟ̟ʑ], [ɟ˖ʑ] and [ȡʑ].
It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiced palatal affricate.
Features
editFeatures of the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali | যখন | [d͡ʑɔkʰon] | 'when' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[1] | All dialects | mitjà | [mɪ(d)ˈd͡ʑa] | 'medium' | See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian | joc | [ˈd͡ʑɔk] | 'game' | ||
| Chinese | Southern Min | 日 / ji̍t | [d͡ʑit̚˧ʔ] | 'sun' | |
| Wu | 渠 | [d͡ʑy] | 'he/she/it' | ||
| Irish | Some dialects[2][3][4] | dearg | [d͡ʑaɾˠəɡ] | 'red' | Realization of the palatalized alveolar stop /dʲ/ in dialects such as Erris, Teelin and Tourmakeady.[2][3][4] See Irish phonology |
| Japanese | 知人 / chijin | [t͡ɕid͡ʑĩɴ] | 'acquaintance' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | 편지 / pyeonji | [pʰjʌ̹ːnd͡ʑi] | 'letter' | See Korean phonology | |
| Malay | Jambi | توجوه / tujuh | [tud͡ʑʊh] | 'seven' | See Jambi Malay |
| Okinawan | fijeetiinagaa | [ɸid͡ʑeːtiːnagaː] | 'thief' | ||
| Polish[5] | dźwięk | 'sound' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Romanian | Banat dialect[6] | des | [d͡ʑes] | 'frequent' | Allophone of /d/ before front vowels. Corresponds to [d] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | дочь бы | [ˈd̪o̞d͡ʑ bɨ] | 'daughter would' | Allophone of /t͡ɕ/ before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Sema[7] | aji | [à̠d͡ʑì] | 'blood' | Possible allophone of /ʒ/ before /i, e/; can be realized as [ʑ ~ ʒ ~ d͡ʒ] instead.[7] | |
| Serbo-Croatian[8][9] | ђаво / đavo | [d͡ʑâ̠ʋo̞ː] | 'devil' | Merges with /d͡ʒ/ in Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Swedish[10][11] | djur | [dʑʉːr] | 'animal' | Allophone of /j/ in initial position in older Standard Swedish, Norrbotten and Finland | |
| Uzbek[12] | Some speakers | jon | [d͡ʑɒn] | 'dear' | Allophone of /dʒ/. |
| Xumi | Lower[13] | [d͡ʑɐʔ˦] | 'water' | ||
| Upper[14] | [d͡ʑɐ̝˦] | ||||
| Yi | ꐚ / jji | [d͡ʑi˧] | 'bee' | ||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Wheeler (2005:12)
- ^ a b Mhac an Fhailigh (1968:36–37)
- ^ a b Wagner (1959:9–10)
- ^ a b de Búrca (1958:24–25)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b Teo (2014:23)
- ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Eriksson (1961:79)
- ^ Westerberg (2004:35)
- ^ Sjoberg (1963:12)
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
References
edit- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- de Búrca, Seán (1958), The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-49-9
- Eriksson, Manne (1961), En översikt över det svenska landsmålsalfabetets utveckling och användning huvudsakligen i tidskriften SVENSKA LANDSMÅL (PDF), p. 79
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-02-2
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Wagner, Heinrich (1959), Gaeilge Theilinn (in Irish), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 1-85500-055-5
- Westerberg, Anna (2004), Norsjömålet under 150 år, p. 35, ISBN 91-85352-55-1
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
- Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0