The near-close front rounded vowel, or near-high front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.
| Near-close near-front rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʏ | |||
| IPA Number | 320 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʏ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028F | ||
| X-SAMPA | Y | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded |
.png)
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʏ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter y, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Y.
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ʏ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front rounded vowel (transcribed [y̽] or [ÿ˕]), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ is near-close near-front rounded vowel.[2] However, acoustic analysis of cardinal vowels as produced by Daniel Jones and John C. Wells has shown that basically all cardinal front rounded vowels (so not just [y] but also [ø, œ, ɶ]) are near-front (or front-central) in their articulation, so [ʏ] may be just a lowered cardinal [y] ([y˕]), a vowel that is intermediate between cardinal [y] and cardinal [ø].[3] In many languages that contrast close, near-close and close-mid front rounded vowels, there is no appreciable difference in backness between them.[4][5][6][7] In some transcriptions, the vowel is transcribed with ⟨y⟩[8] or ⟨ø⟩.[9] When that is the case, this article transcribes it with the symbols ⟨y˕⟩ (a lowered ⟨y⟩) and ⟨ø̝⟩ (a raised ⟨ø⟩), respectively. ⟨ʏ⟩ implies too weak a rounding in some cases (specifically in the case of the vowels that are described as tense in Germanic languages, which are typically transcribed with ⟨øː⟩), which would have to be specified as ⟨ʏ̹⟩.
In some languages, however, ⟨ʏ⟩ is used to transcribe a vowel that is as low as close-mid but still fits the definition of a lowered and centralized (or just lowered) cardinal [y]. It occurs in German Standard German as well as some dialects of English (such as Estuary),[10][11][12] and it can be transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ̞⟩ (a lowered ⟨ʏ⟩) in narrow transcription. For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ (or ⟨y⟩), see close-mid front rounded vowel.
In most languages, the rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips (in an exolabial manner). However, in a few cases, the lips are protruded (in an endolabial manner), such as in Swedish, which contrasts the two types of rounding.
Transcription
editThe near-close front rounded vowel is transcribed with ⟨y⟩, ⟨ʏ⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ in world's languages. However, when the Latin ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ø⟩ are used for this vowel, ⟨ʏ⟩ may still be used for phonological reasons for a vowel that is lower than near-close, potentially leading to confusion. This is the case in several Germanic language varieties, as well as in some transcriptions of Shanghainese.
In the following table, the difference between compressed and protruded vowels is ignored, except in the case of Swedish. Short vowels transcribed with ⟨ʉ⟩, ⟨ʏ⟩, ⟨ɵ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩ in broad transcription are assumed to have a weak rounding in most cases.
| Symbol | Phonetic values in various language varieties | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Dzongkha | Frisian languages | German | Limburgish | Shanghainese | Swedish | ||||||
| Fering | Saterland | Northern Standard | Hamont-Achel | Maastricht | Weert | Central Standard | ||||||
| ⟨y⟩ | [y] ~ [ʏ] ~ [ʉ] | — | — | [y] | [y] | [ʉ̞] | [ʉ] | [y] | — | same as ⟨ʏ⟩ | ||
| ⟨yː⟩ | [yː] ~ [ʏː] ~ [ʉː] | [yː] ~ [ʏː] | [yː] | [yː] | [yː] | [yː] | [ʉː] | [yː] | — | [y̫ː] | ||
| ⟨ʉ⟩ | same as ⟨ʏ⟩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [ʉ̞ᵝ] | ||
| ⟨ʉː⟩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [ʏᵝː] ~ [yᵝː] | ||
| ⟨ʏ⟩ | [ɵ] | — | [ʉ̞] | [ø] | [ø̜] | [ɵ] | [ɵ] | [ɵ] | [ø] | [ø̫] ~ [ʏ̫] ~ [y̫] | ||
| ⟨ø⟩ | same as ⟨øː⟩ | — | — | — | [ø̹] | same as ⟨øː⟩ | same as ⟨øː⟩ | same as ⟨øː⟩ | [ʏ] | same as ⟨œ⟩ | ||
| ⟨øː⟩ | [øʏ] ~ [øː] ~ [ɵː] | [øː] ~ [œː] | [ʉ̞ː] | [ʏː] | [ø̹ː] | [ɵː] | [ɵː] ~ [ɵʊ̈] | [øə] | — | [ø̫ː] | ||
| ⟨ɵ⟩ | same as ⟨ʏ⟩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [ɵ̞ᵝ] | ||
| ⟨œ⟩ | same as ⟨ʏ⟩ | — | [ɵ] | [œ] | [œ] | [œ] | [œ̝] | [œ̝] | — | [œ̫˔] | ||
| ⟨œː⟩ | [œː] | — | — | [øː] | [œː] | [œː] | [ɞː] | [œ̝ː] | — | — | ||
Near-close front compressed vowel
editThe near-close front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʏ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɪ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɪ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɪᵝ⟩ ([ɪ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ʏ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.
The close-mid front compressed vowel can be transcribed ⟨ɪ̞͡β̞⟩, ⟨ɪ̞ᵝ⟩ or ⟨ʏ͍˕⟩.
Features
edit- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed. The prototypical [ʏ] has a weak compressed rounding, more like [œ] than the neighboring cardinal vowels.
Occurrence
editBecause front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion. Vowels transcribed with ⟨y˕⟩ and ⟨ø̝⟩ may have a stronger rounding than the prototypical value of ⟨ʏ⟩.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Gheg | yll | [ʏɫ] | 'star' | |
| Bashkir | дүрт/dürt | 'four' | |||
| Bavarian | Northern[13] | vill | [v̥ʏl] | 'much' | Allophone of /i/ before /l/.[13] |
| Buwal[14] | [ɗɛ́ɗʏ̄wɛ̄k] | 'bitter' | Palatalized allophone of /ə/ when adjacent to a labialized consonant.[14] | ||
| Chinese | Shanghainese[15] | 肝 / koe | [kø̝˩] | 'liver' | Realization of /ø/ in open syllables and /ʏ/ in closed syllables. Near-close [ø̝] in the former case, close-mid [ʏ̞] in the latter.[15] |
| Danish | Standard[16] | købe | [ˈkʰø̝ːpə] | 'buy' | Also described as close-mid [øː].[17] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[18] | nu | [nʏ˕] | 'now' | Also transcribed as close front [y][19][20] and, in the Standard Northern accent, as close central [ʉ].[21] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Estuary[22][23] | foot | [fʏʔt] | 'foot' | Possible realization of /ʊ/ and /uː/. In the former case, the height varies between near-close [ʏ] and close-mid [ʏ̞].[22][24] |
| Multicultural London[25] | Possible realization of /ʊ/.[25] | ||||
| Rural white Southern American[26] | [fʏt̚] | Can be central [ʊ̈] instead.[26] | |||
| West Country[27] | [fʏt] | Possible realization of /ʊ/ and /uː/.[27] | |||
| New Zealand[28][29] | nurse | [nʏːs] | 'nurse' | Possible realization of /ɵː/ (and also /ʉː/).[28][29][30] See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Ulster[31] | mule | [mjʏl] | 'mule' | Short allophone of /u/; occurs only after /j/.[31] See English phonology | |
| Multicultural London | food | 'food' | |||
| Faroese[32] | krúss | [kɹʏsː] | 'mug' | See Faroese phonology | |
| French | Parisian[33] | tu | [t̪ʏ˕] | 'you' | Also described as close [y];[34][35] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See French phonology |
| Quebec[36] | lune | [lʏn] | 'moon' | Allophone of /y/ in closed syllables.[36] See Quebec French phonology | |
| German | Standard[10][11] | schützen | [ˈʃʏ̞t͡sn̩] | 'protect' | Close-mid; it may be as high as [y] for some speakers.[10][11] See Standard German phonology |
| Some speakers[37] | schwimmen | [ʃvʏmː] | 'to swim' | Allophone of /ɪ/ before labial consonants. Used by some speakers in Northern and Central Germany.[37] See Standard German phonology | |
| Hungarian[4] | üt | 'hit' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Icelandic[38] | vinur | [ˈʋɪ̞ːnʏ̞ɾ] | 'friend' | Close-mid;[38] also described as central [ɵ].[39] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Kazakh | жүр/jür | [ʑʏr] | 'go' | ||
| Kurdish | dwênê | [dʏneː] | 'yesterday' | Allophone of /weː/ before consonant. | |
| Low German[40] | lütt / lut | [lʏt] | 'little' | ||
| Norwegian[41] | nytt | [nʏtː] | 'new' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel varies between compressed [ʏ] and protruded [ʏ̫].[42] Its height has been variously described as near-close [ʏ][41] and close [y].[43] See Norwegian phonology. | |
| Saterland Frisian[7] | röögje | [ˈʀø̝ːɡjə] | 'to rain' | Phonetic realization of /øː/ and /ʏ/. Near-close [ø̝ː] in the former case, close-mid [ʏ̞] in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to /œː/ ([øː]).[7] | |
| Scots[44] | buit | [bʏt] | 'boot' | May be central [ʉ] instead.[44] | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[5][45] | ut | [ʏːt̪] | 'out' | Often realized as a sequence [ʏβ̞] or [ʏβ][46][47] (hear the word: ). The height has been variously described as near-close [ʏː][5][45] and close [yː].[48] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉː⟩; it is central [ʉː] in other dialects. See Swedish phonology |
| Turkish[49] | atasözü | [ät̪äˈs̪ø̞z̪ʏ] | 'proverb' | Allophone of /y/ described variously as "word-final"[49] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[50] See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen[51] | Türkmençe | [tʏɾkmøntʃø] | 'Turkmen' | ||
| Wymysorys[52] | büwa | [ˈbʏvä] | 'boys' | ||
Near-close front protruded vowel
edit| Near-close front protruded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʏ̫ | |
| ʏʷ | |
| ɪʷ |
Catford notes[full citation needed] that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One of them, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels as well as height and duration.[53]
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, the old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʏʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪʷ⟩ (a near-close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.
The close-mid front protruded vowel can be transcribed ⟨ʏ̫˕⟩, ⟨ʏ̞ʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪ̞ʷ⟩.
For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ (or ⟨y⟩), see close-mid front protruded vowel.
Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed near-close front vowel [ʏ] and the unrounded near-close front vowel [ɪ].
Features
edit- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed. The prototypical [ʏ] has a weak rounding (though it is compressed, rather than protruded), more like [œ] than the neighboring cardinal vowels.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian[41] | nytt | [nʏ̫tː] | 'new' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel varies between protruded [ʏ̫] and compressed [ʏ].[42] Its height has been variously described as near-close [ʏ][41] and close [y].[43] See Norwegian phonology. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[5][45] | ylle | 'wool' | The height has been variously described as close-mid [ʏ̫˕],[5] near-close [ʏ̫][45] and close [y̫].[54] See Swedish phonology | |
References
edit- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), pp. 13, 171, 180.
- ^ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- ^ a b Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ a b c d e Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 87.
- ^ a b c Peters (2017), p. ?.
- ^ For example, by Collins & Mees (2013:225) and Szende (1994:92).
- ^ For example by Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328); Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited in Basbøll (2005:48) and Peters (2017:?).
- ^ a b c Hall (2003), pp. 93–94, 107.
- ^ a b c Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 64.
- ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 191.
- ^ a b Rowley (1990), p. 422.
- ^ a b Viljoen (2013), p. 50.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited in Basbøll (2005:48).
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Gussenhoven (2007), p. 30.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ^ a b Przedlacka (2001), pp. 42–43.
- ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 190–191.
- ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 190.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
- ^ a b Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.
- ^ a b Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 200.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 582.
- ^ a b Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 84.
- ^ a b Walker (1984), pp. 51–60.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
- ^ a b Árnason (2011), p. 60.
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Prehn (2012), p. 157.
- ^ a b c d Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
- ^ a b Stuart-Smith (2004), p. 54.
- ^ a b c d Bolander (2001), p. 55.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
- ^ Riad (2014), p. 28.
- ^ Riad (2014), pp. 27–28.
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Hoey (2013), p. 6.
- ^ Jarosław Weckwerth. "The pure vowels (monophthongs) of Wilamowicean – spectral characteristics" (PDF). pp. 1–2, 5.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. ?.
- ^ Dahlstedt (1967), p. 16.
Sources
edit- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominik (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Basbøll, Hans; Wagner, Johannes (1985), Kontrastive Phonologie des Deutschen und Dänischen, Max Niemeyer Verlag, ISBN 978-3-484-30160-3
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Bolander, Maria (2001), Funktionell svensk grammatik (1st ed.), Liber AB, ISBN 9789147050543
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus (1967), Svårigheter i svenskans uttal, Modersmålslärarnas förening
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007), Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands? (PDF) (in Dutch), Nijmegen: Radboud University, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2017
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Hoey, Elliott (2013), Grammatical sketch of Turkmen, Santa Barbara: University of California
- International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mannell, Robert; Cox, Felicity; Harrington, Jonathan (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226, S2CID 232348873
- Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum", Málting, 28: 37–43
- Prehn, Maike (2012). Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon (PDF) (PhD). Amsterdam: LOT. ISBN 978-94-6093-077-5.
- Przedlacka, Joanna (2001), "Estuary English and RP: Some Recent Findings" (PDF), Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 36: 35–50
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Rietveld, Antonius C.M.; van Heuven, Vincent J. (2009) [First published 1997], Algemene Fonetiek (in Dutch) (3rd ed.), Bussum: Uitgeverij Coutinho, ISBN 978-90-469-0163-2
- Rowley, Anthony R. (1990), "14 North Bavarian", in Russ, Charles (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 417–437, ISBN 0-415-00308-3
- Stuart-Smith, Jane (2004), "Scottish English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 47–67, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
- Thomas, Erik R. (2004), "Rural Southern white accents", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Viljoen, Melanie Helen (2013), A grammatical description of the Buwal language, Melbourne: La Trobe University
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-21